Using existing infrastructure as ground control points to support citizen science coastal UAS monitoring programs
Using existing infrastructure as ground control points to support citizen science coastal UAS monitoring programs
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DOI：
10.3389/fenvs.2023.1101458
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发表时间：
2023-03
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Lucas F. Rabins;E. Theuerkauf;Erin L. Bunting
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Lucas F. Rabins;E. Theuerkauf;Erin L. Bunting
最近的出版物描述了公民科学家进行无人驾驶航空系统(UAS)飞行为沿海管理收集数据的能力。可以收集地面控制点(GCP)来对这些数据进行地理参考，但是收集地面控制点需要昂贵的测量设备，公民科学家无法获得。相反，现有基础设施可用作自然发生的地面控制点(NGCP)，尽管这种基础设施上自然发生的地面控制点布置的有效性不同于已公布的地面控制点布置的最佳做法。因此，这项研究通过对20个不同的沿海地点的分析，评估了与自然出现的地面控制点进行地理参照的地点的可实现的准确性。在大多数场地，自然出现的地面控制点产生的水平和垂直均方根误差小于0.060米，这与使用传统地面控制点获得的结果相似。为支持未来无人值守的航空系统公民科学海岸监测计划，对6个海岸站点进行了一项评估，以确定最佳自然发生地面控制点的数量和分布。结果表明，在整个场地范围内最广泛分布的至少7个自然发生的地面控制点，其水平均方根误差和垂直均方根误差分别小于0.030 m和0.075 m。然而，这些放置特征与均方根误差之间的关系很差，这表明使用自然出现的地面控制点的地理参考精度不能仅通过理想的数量和分布来优化。这些研究的结果突出了自然出现的地面控制点对支持无人值守的空中系统公民科学海岸监测方案的价值，然而，它们也表明有必要在此类方案开始时对使用自然出现的地面控制点进行调查的地点进行初步的准确性评估。
Recent publications have described the ability of citizen scientists to conduct unoccupied aerial system (UAS) flights to collect data for coastal management. Ground control points (GCPs) can be collected to georeference these data, however collecting ground control points require expensive surveying equipment not accessible to citizen scientists. Instead, existing infrastructure can be used as naturally occurring ground control points (NGCPs), although availably of naturally occurring ground control point placement on such infrastructure differs from published best practices of ground control point placement. This study therefore evaluates the achievable accuracy of sites georeferenced with naturally occurring ground control points through an analysis of 20 diverse coastal sites. At most sites naturally occurring ground control points produced horizontal and vertical root mean square errors (RMSE) less than 0.060 m which are similar to those obtained using traditional ground control points. To support future unoccupied aerial system citizen science coastal monitoring programs, an assessment to determine the optimal naturally occurring ground control point quantity and distribution was conducted for six coastal sites. Results revealed that generally at least seven naturally occurring ground control points collected in the broadest distribution across the site will result in a horizontal and vertical root mean square errors less than 0.030 m and 0.075 m respectively. However, the relationship between these placement characteristics and root mean square errors was poor, indicating that georeferencing accuracy using naturally occurring ground control points cannot be optimized solely through ideal quantity and distribution. The results of these studies highlight the value of naturally occurring ground control points to support unoccupied aerial system citizen science coastal monitoring programs, however they also indicate a need for an initial accuracy assessment of sites surveyed with naturally occurring ground control points at the onset of such programs.