Spatial and temporal scales of adaptive divergence in marine fishes and the implications for conservation
Spatial and temporal scales of adaptive divergence in marine fishes and the implications for conservation
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DOI：
10.1111/j.1095-8649.2006.01274.x
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发表时间：
2006-12-01
影响因子：
2
通讯作者：
Wagner, G. N.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Conover, D. O.;Clarke, L. M.;Wagner, G. N.
对适应性遗传变异的地理和时间尺度的了解对物种保护至关重要，但对这些现象的了解很少，特别是在海洋系统中。直到最近，人们一直认为，由于大多数海洋物种具有高度分散或流动的生命阶段，局部适应只能在广泛的地理范围内发生。中性标记检测到的群体间相对较低的遗传变异水平支持了这一观点。同样，自适应发散的时间尺度也被假设为非常长，需要数千代人。最近对各种物种的研究挑战了这些信念。首先，有强有力的证据表明，在生理和形态特征上存在地理结构的局部适应。第二，群体间的数量性状变异比例(QST)远高于中性标记(FST)，这两个遗传变异指标相关性较差。第三，总结了选择是一种强大的进化力量，能够在当代时间尺度上维持适应性分歧的证据。适应性遗传分化与中性遗传分化的不同空间和时间尺度需要一种新的范式来思考海洋物种的表型地理学(表型变异地理学)和系统地理学(谱系地理)之间的关系。当代选择性过程可能造成细微的空间和时间差异的想法突出了对达尔文式渔业科学给予新的重视的必要性。
Knowledge of geographic and temporal scales of adaptive genetic variation is crucial to species conservation, yet understanding of these phenomena, particularly in marine systems, is scant. Until recently, the belief has been that because most marine species have highly dispersive or mobile life stages, local adaptation could occur only on broad geographic scales. This view is supported by comparatively low levels of genetic variation among populations as detected by neutral markers. Similarly, the time scale of adaptive divergence has also been assumed to be very long, requiring thousands of generations. Recent studies of a variety of species have challenged these beliefs. First, there is strong evidence of geographically structured local adaptation in physiological and morphological traits. Second, the proportion of quantitative trait variation at the among-population level (QST) is much higher than it is for neutral markers (FST) aand these two metrics of genetic variation are poorly correlated. Third, evidence that selection is a potent evolutionary force capable of sustaining adaptive divergence on contemporary time scales is summarized. The differing spatial and temporal scales of adaptive v. neutral genetic divergence call for a new paradigm in thinking about the relationship between phenogeography (the geography of phenotypic variation) and phylogeography (the geography of lineages) in marine species. The idea that contemporary selective processes can cause fine-scale spatial and temporal divergence underscores the need for a new emphasis on Darwinian fishery science.