Simulation of terrain and forest shelter effects on patterns of snow deposition, snowmelt and runoff over a semi‐arid mountain catchment
Simulation of terrain and forest shelter effects on patterns of snow deposition, snowmelt and runoff over a semi‐arid mountain catchment
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模拟半干旱山区流域的地形和森林遮挡对积雪、融雪和径流模式的影响
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发表时间：
2002
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
M. Seyfried
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
D. Marks;A. Winstral;M. Seyfried
在山区，地形结构和植被控制着雪沉积、气候条件和融雪的模式。将一个地形分布的积雪和融化模式（ISNOBAL）与一个风场和积雪再分布模式耦合，模拟了美国爱达荷州西南部Reynolds Mountain East盆地（0·38 km 2）的季节性积雪的发展和消融。该模型由每小时地形和冠层校正的数据网格驱动，这些数据网格来自位于集水区内的两个站的四个水年（1986年，1987年，1989年和1997年）的气象数据。根据地形和植被，将集水区分为四个庇护所类别;这些类别用于分析积雪的质量和能量平衡如何在流域内随地形和森林特征的变化而变化。正如模拟所示，并通过详细的点测量和积雪覆盖地区的后期区域照片进行验证，在所有年份中，风暴露地区的积雪厚度较薄，并且在春季融冰开始之前，在挡风地区基本上没有积雪。挡风漂移和树冠封闭区域的融化与春季太阳辐射的增加一起发生，产生了大量的春季径流。冰碛物的熔融贡献可能会持续到春末夏初。这项研究使用了一组独特的点和空间验证数据，表明雪积累和消融模型，调整风的再分布效应，可靠地模拟了地形和植被对雪分布的影响，能量平衡，以及雪和风为主的山区水文。出版社：John Wiley & Sons，Ltd.
In mountainous regions, topographic structure and vegetation control patterns of snow deposition, climate conditions, and snowmelt. A topographically distributed snow accumulation and melt model (ISNOBAL) was coupled to a wind field and snow redistribution model to simulate the development and ablation of the seasonal snow cover over a small mountainous catchment, the Reynolds Mountain East basin (0·38 km2) in southwestern Idaho, USA. The model was driven by hourly terrain‐ and canopy‐corrected data grids derived from meteorological data from two stations located within the catchment for four water years (1986, 1987, 1989 and 1997). The catchment was divided into four shelter classes, based on terrain and vegetation; these were used for an analysis of how the mass and energy balance of the snowcover varies over the basin as a function of terrain and forest characteristics for each of the selected years. As shown by the simulations and verified by detailed point measurements and the late‐season areal photographs of snow‐covered area, in all years the wind‐exposed areas developed thinner snow covers and were essentially bare of snow prior to the onset of spring meltout in wind‐sheltered areas. The meltout of the wind‐sheltered drift and canopy‐enclosed regions occurred in conjunction with the springtime increase in solar radiation generating the bulk of springtime runoff. Melt contributions from the drifts may continue into the late spring and early summer. This research uses a unique set of point and spatial verification data to show that a snow accumulation and ablation model, adjusted for wind redistribution effects, reliably simulated the topographic and vegetation influences on snow distribution, the energy balance, and the hydrology of snow and wind‐dominated mountainous regions. Published in 2002 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.