Community Organization in Temperate and Tropical Rocky Intertidal Habitats: Prey Refuges in Relation to Consumer Pressure Gradients
Community Organization in Temperate and Tropical Rocky Intertidal Habitats: Prey Refuges in Relation to Consumer Pressure Gradients
复制标题
温带和热带岩石潮间带栖息地的社区组织：猎物避难所与消费者压力梯度的关系
DOI：
10.2307/2937323
复制
发表时间：
1981
影响因子：
6.1
通讯作者：
J. Lubchenco
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
B. Menge;J. Lubchenco
在巴拿马太平洋沿岸的Taboguilla岛上的热带岩石潮间带群落的结构的特点是非甲壳藻类和固着动物的丰度极低，不明显的垂直地带性模式（低丰度的结果），和大多数无脊椎动物（除了藤壶）和直立藻类的孔和裂缝（相对于开放，光滑的表面）的发生。这与两个温带岩石潮间带群落形成鲜明对比，这两个群落具有较高的植物和动物覆盖率，更明显的区域，无脊椎动物和直立藻类都出现在相对均匀的表面和洞穴和裂缝中。在巴拿马社区进行了实地实验和观察，以测试不同类型的消费者（捕食者和食草动物）对猎物的影响和猎物利用的逃生类型。消费者排斥实验表明：（1）捕食和食草动物在一年中的任何时候都是严重的，（2）消费者压力是许多类型和物种的捕食者和食草动物的累积函数，（3）较大的鱼类和螃蟹的主要影响是将大多数猎物限制在三维避难所（洞和裂缝），和（4）较小的消费者，主要是无脊椎动物的主要影响，是保持猎物的丰度低。因此，在巴拿马系统中，三维空间（洞和裂缝）作为躲避消费者的避难所显得特别重要，而在身体大小、时间或二维空间（例如，在一个较高的地带）在温带地区如此频繁地记录，对许多猎物承担次要的重要性。被捕食物种利用的逃逸类型的这种限制似乎是两个主要因素的结果：快速移动的消费者的存在（即，食草性和捕食性鱼类和食草性螃蟹，在两个温带群落中没有或很少），以及所有消费者全年觅食。
The structure of a tropical rocky intertidal community on Taboguilla Island on the Pacific coast of Panama is characterized by extremely low abundances of noncrustose algae and sessile animals, indistinct vertical zonation patterns (a result of the low abundances), and the occurrence of most invertebrates (except barnacles) and upright algae in holes and crevices (as opposed to open, smooth surfaces). This contrasts strikingly with two temperate rocky intertidal communities, which have high covers of plants and animals, more obvious zones, and invertebrates and upright algae occurring both on relatively homogeneous surfaces and in holes and crevices. Field experiments were done and observations were made in the Panama community to test the effects of different types of consumers (both predators and herbivores) on their prey and on the types of escapes utilized by the prey. Consumer exclusion experiments suggest that (1) predation and herbivory are severe at all times of the year, (2) consumer pressure is a cumulative function of many types and species of predators and herbivores, (3) the primary effect of larger fishes and crabs is to restrict most prey to three—dimensional refuges (holes and crevices), and (4) the primary effect of smaller consumers, mostly invertebrates, is to keep abundances of the prey low. Thus, in the Panama system, three—dimensional space (holes and crevices) appears to be particularly important as a refuge from consumers, while escapes from consumers in body size, time, or two—dimensional space (e.g., in a higher zone) documented so frequently in temperate areas, assume secondary importance for many prey. This restriction of the types of escapes utilized by prey species appears to be a consequence of two main factors: the presence of fast—moving consumers (i.e., herbivorous and predaceous fishes and herbivorous crabs which are absent or rare in the two temperate communities), and the year—round foraging of all consumers.