Effects of Solvent and Temperature on Free Radical Formation in Electronic Cigarette Aerosols
Effects of Solvent and Temperature on Free Radical Formation in Electronic Cigarette Aerosols
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DOI：
10.1021/acs.chemrestox.7b00116
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发表时间：
2018-01-01
影响因子：
4.1
通讯作者：
Richie, John P., Jr.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Bitzer, Zachary T.;Goel, Reema;Richie, John P., Jr.
电子烟（电子烟）市场的不断发展对分析和表征它们可能产生的有害产品提出了挑战。早些时候，我们报道过电子烟气雾剂可以产生高水平的活性自由基；然而，很少有数据表征这些潜在有害氧化剂的生产。因此，我们对影响电子烟产生自由基的不同参数进行了详细的分析。利用温度控制的电子烟装置和可靠模拟电子烟使用条件的新机制，包括线圈激活和烟雾流量，我们分析了温度，瓦数以及丙二醇（PG）和甘油（GLY）的电子烟溶剂组成对自由基产生的影响。利用电子顺磁共振对电子烟气雾剂中的自由基进行了自旋捕获和分析。自由基的生成以温度依赖的方式增加，在恒温条件下，在100至300℃之间显示出近2倍的增长。在恒定瓦数下，自由基的产生显示出更大的增加，当从10到50 W，部分原因是与恒温条件相比，线圈温度更高。PG含量对自由基的产生也有很大的影响，在0:100 （PG:GLY）和100:0 （PG:GLY）的比例下，自由基的产生增加了近3倍。PG含量的增加也与气溶胶诱导的生物相关脂质的氧化增加有关。这些结果表明，电子烟气溶胶中活性自由基的产生高度依赖于溶剂，并随着温度的升高而增加。自由基的产生在一定程度上取决于较高温度下气溶胶的产生；然而，尽管气溶胶产生有限，但在bb0 = 100℃时观察到不成比例的高水平自由基。总的来说，这些发现表明，电子烟的设计可以最大限度地减少与这些潜在有害产品的接触。
The ever-evolving market of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) presents a challenge for analyzing and characterizing the harmful products they can produce. Earlier we reported that e-cigarette aerosols can deliver high levels of reactive free radicals; however, there are few data characterizing the production of these potentially harmful oxidants. Thus, we have performed a detailed analysis of the different parameters affecting the production of free radical by e-cigarettes. Using a temperature-controlled e-cigarette device and a novel mechanism for reliably simulating e-cigarette usage conditions, including coil activation and puff flow, we analyzed the effects of temperature, wattage, and e-liquid solvent composition of propylene glycol (PG) and glycerol (GLY) on radical production. Free radicals in e-cigarette aerosols were spin-trapped and analyzed using electron paramagnetic resonance. Free radical production increased in a temperature-dependent manner, showing a nearly 2-fold increase between 100 and 300 degrees C under constant-temperature conditions. Free radical production under constant wattage showed an even greater increase when going from 10 to 50 W due, in part, to higher coil temperatures compared to constant temperature conditions. The e-liquid PG content also heavily influenced free radical production, showing a nearly 3-fold increase upon comparison of ratios of 0:100 (PG:GLY) and 100:0 (PG:GLY). Increases in PG content were also associated with increases in aerosol-induced oxidation of biologically relevant lipids. These results demonstrate that the production of reactive free radicals in e-cigarette aerosols is highly solvent dependent and increases with an increase in temperature. Radical production was somewhat dependent on aerosol production at higher temperatures; however, disproportionately high levels of free radicals were observed at >= 100 degrees C despite limited aerosol production. Overall, these findings suggest that e-cigarettes can be designed to minimize exposure to these potentially harmful products.