Disconnected runoff contributing areas: Evidence provided by ancient watershed management systems in arid north-eastern Marmarica (NW-Egypt)
Disconnected runoff contributing areas: Evidence provided by ancient watershed management systems in arid north-eastern Marmarica (NW-Egypt)
复制标题
断开的径流贡献区：干旱的马尔马里卡东北部（埃及西北部）古代流域管理系统提供的证据
DOI：
10.1016/j.geomorph.2013.10.002
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发表时间：
2014
期刊：
影响因子：
3.9
通讯作者：
A. Nicolay
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Th. Vetter;A.-K. Rieger;A. Nicolay
这项研究展示了干旱区径流中断的重要性，可追溯到希腊-罗马时代的人工集水设施。该地区位于现代埃及西北部地中海沿岸约20公里宽的沿海地带，覆盖了古代被称为马尔马里卡的地区东北部，该地区冬季降雨量高达140毫米。再往南，降雨量迅速减少，沙漠条件变得更加明显。基岩主要是钙质的，土壤是壤质、石质、钙质和浅的，除了有沉积沉积的起伏凹陷。陆地从海岸上升到230米高。位于马尔马里卡高原上的一系列带状北坡平原和陡坡，其北部被沟渠切割和排干。农业适宜区约占海岸带和邻近台地的9%。地表径流控制着径流的动态变化，是河道径流的主要来源，也是农业供水的主要来源。土地利用模式是分散的，因为种植面积主要取决于土壤的适宜性和径流收获量的产生，而由于干旱的水沙状况，这两个因素密切相关。径流产生的斑块增加了更南边，那里的干旱程度更高，地形抑制了更大的排水模式。大量的蓄水池，其中许多来自希腊罗马人，是台地发生流动的有力证据，并且经常与更大的排水系统断开。被征用的古代雨水收集和分水岭管理系统在整个地区都很丰富，并融入了以前居民的水文经验，主要是从希腊罗马时代开始的OSL和陶器。虽然该地区在大约两千年前就繁荣起来，但古代的水管理制度今天普遍被抛弃。古代制度最突出的特征之一是系统地收集河床上方的台地和山谷坡面上的水流。这一战略的一部分是在台地上用浅石堤将大型天然流域的偏远部分与当地部分隔开。收集的台地陆上水流灌溉了台地(库鲁姆)上的梯田。剩余的集水区，主要是山谷坡地，显然足以为小支流河床、大型边坡梯田和大型河床的泛滥平原供水。人为切断当地径流地区与北部流域偏远地区的联系，在水文上很好地适应了马尔马里卡北部平坦地貌的径流动态，因为它保护了山谷不受低频高强度径流事件的影响，这些事件主要发生在大流域的偏远地区，但集水效率低下。梯田和集水结构通常埋藏在分选良好的细粒沉积物中。
This study presents the importance of disconnectivity in dryland area runoff demonstrated by manmade water harvesting structures dated to Greco-Roman times. Located on the coastal strip of some 20 km width along the Mediterranean coast of modern northwestern Egypt covering the north-eastern part of the region known in antiquity as Marmarica, the area receives winterly rainfalls of up to 140 mm. Further south, precipitation decreases quickly and desert conditions become more pronounced. Bedrocks are predominantly calcareous, soils are loamy, stony, calcareous, and shallow, except in relief sinks with sedimentary deposits. The land rises from the coast up to 230 m a.s.l. on the Marmarica Plateau in a sequence of zonal northsloping plains and scarps the northern parts of which are dissected and drained by wadis. Agriculturally suitable areas comprise some 9% of the coastal zone and adjacent tablelands. Overland flow controls the discharge dynamics and is the main source of wadi runoff and hence agricultural water supply. The land use pattern is scattered because cropping areas depend mainly on suitability of soils and the generation of runoff harvest, which are closely interrelated because of the arid water and sediment regime. The patchiness of runoff generation increases further south where aridity is higher and topography inhibits greater drainage patterns. The abundance of cisterns, many of them originally Greco-Roman, is strong evidence that tableland overland flows occur and are frequently disconnected from larger drainage systems.Abandoned ancient rainwater harvesting and watershed management systems are abundant all over the region and incorporate the hydrological experience of the former inhabitants, having been dated with OSL and pottery mainly from Greco-Roman times. While the region prospered some two millenia ago, the ancient water management schemes are generally abandoned today.One of the most outstanding features of the ancient systems was the systematic harvesting of tableland and valley slope overland flow above the wadi beds. Part of this strategy was to separate the remote parts of large natural watersheds from the local parts by shallow stone bunds on the tableland. The collected tableland overland flow irrigated terraced fields on the tableland (kurum). The remaining water harvesting areas, mainly valley slopes, were obviously sufficient to supply water for small tributary wadis, large side terraces and the floodplains of large wadis. The artificial disconnection of local runoff areas from remote parts of the northern watersheds is hydrologically well adapted to the runoff dynamics in the flat landscape of the northern Marmarica because it protected valleys from low frequency high magnitude runoff events which are generated mainly on the remote parts of large catchments but which are inefficient in terms of water harvesting. Terracing and water harvesting structures are frequently buried in well-sorted, fine-grained sediment.
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DOI：
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影响因子：
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