Biodiversity and biogeography of phages in modern stromatolites and thrombolites
Biodiversity and biogeography of phages in modern stromatolites and thrombolites
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DOI：
10.1038/nature06735
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发表时间：
2008-03-20
期刊：
影响因子：
64.8
通讯作者：
Rohwer, Forest
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Desnues, Christelle;Rodriguez-Brito, Beltran;Rohwer, Forest
病毒，尤其是感染细菌的病毒，是水生和陆生环境中最丰富的生物之一。仅在最近才对噬菌体的细菌地理学进行了研究，迄今为止揭示了噬菌体遗传物质（或基因型）的世界性分布（1-4）。在这里，我们通过分析现代微生物中的噬菌体群落来解决这种世界性的分布，微生物是地球上最古老的生命形式之一的活代表。海洋（Highborne Cay，巴哈马）和淡水（Pozas Azules II和Rio Mesquites，墨西哥）微生物相关的病毒群落的比较宏基因组分析的基础上，我们发现，一些噬菌体基因型在地理上受到限制。从三个宏基因组中回收的未知序列的高百分比（>97%）、与来自其他环境病毒（n = 42）和微生物（n = 36）宏基因组的序列的低百分比相似性以及微生物之间不存在共享的病毒基因型表明病毒在这些环境中是遗传独特的。Highborne Cay宏基因组中的可识别序列由单链DNA微生物群主导，这些微生物群在所检查的任何其他样品中均未检测到，包括海水、淡水、沉积物、陆地、极端、后生动物相关和海洋微生物垫。最后，在Pozas Azules II微生物的噬菌体群落中存在海洋特征，尽管这种环境已经有数千万年没有与海洋接触了。综上所述，这些结果证明，现代微生物中的病毒显示地理变异性，并表明它们可能来自一个古老的社区。
Viruses, and more particularly phages ( viruses that infect bacteria), represent one of the most abundant living entities in aquatic and terrestrial environments. The biogeography of phages has only recently been investigated and so far reveals a cosmopolitan distribution of phage genetic material ( or genotypes)(1-4). Here we address this cosmopolitan distribution through the analysis of phage communities in modern microbialites, the living representatives of one of the most ancient life forms on Earth. On the basis of a comparative metagenomic analysis of viral communities associated with marine ( Highborne Cay, Bahamas) and freshwater ( Pozas Azules II and Rio Mesquites, Mexico) microbialites, we show that some phage genotypes are geographically restricted. The high percentage of unknown sequences recovered from the three metagenomes (>97%), the low percentage similarities with sequences from other environmental viral ( n = 42) and microbial ( n = 36) metagenomes, and the absence of viral genotypes shared among microbialites indicate that viruses are genetically unique in these environments. Identifiable sequences in the Highborne Cay metagenome were dominated by single- stranded DNA microphages that were not detected in any other samples examined, including sea water, fresh water, sediment, terrestrial, extreme, metazoan- associated and marine microbial mats. Finally, a marine signature was present in the phage community of the Pozas Azules II microbialites, even though this environment has not been in contact with the ocean for tens of millions of years. Taken together, these results prove that viruses in modern microbialites display biogeographical variability and suggest that they may be derived from an ancient community.