SARS-CoV-2 Immuno-Pathogenesis and Potential for Diverse Vaccines and Therapies: Opportunities and Challenges.
SARS-CoV-2 Immuno-Pathogenesis and Potential for Diverse Vaccines and Therapies: Opportunities and Challenges.
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DOI：
10.3390/idr13010013
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发表时间：
2021-02-04
影响因子：
3.2
通讯作者：
Mohapatra SS
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
McGill AR;Kahlil R;Dutta R;Green R;Howell M;Mohapatra S;Mohapatra SS
严重急性呼吸道综合征冠状病毒-2（SARS-CoV-2）是一种新型冠状病毒，于2019年底在中国武汉出现，引起冠状病毒病-19（COVID-19）。SARS-CoV-2感染开始于通过刺突糖蛋白附着于血管紧张素转换酶2受体（ACE 2），随后被TMPRSS 2切割，显示病毒融合结构域。SARS-CoV-2附着的其他假定受体包括CD 147、神经纤毛蛋白-1（NRP 1）和髓样C-凝集素样受体（Myeloid C-lectin like receptor，NRP），每种受体都可能在全身病毒传播中发挥作用。SARS-CoV-2感染的病理学范围从无症状到严重急性呼吸窘迫综合征，通常表现为细胞因子风暴综合征，可能危及生命。尽管取得了进展，但SARS-CoV-2与宿主免疫系统相互作用的详细机制仍不清楚，这是一个非常活跃的研究领域。该过程的关键参与者包括病毒非结构蛋白和开放阅读框架产物，它们与免疫拮抗作用有关。先天性免疫系统的失调导致以抗体滴度迅速降低为特征的适应性免疫应答降低。COVID-19的几种治疗方案正在出现，免疫疗法，肽疗法和核酸疫苗显示出希望。本文综述了SARS-CoV-2的免疫病理学进展，正在研究的疫苗和治疗方法，以对抗这种病毒的影响，以及病毒变体。
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a novel coronavirus that emerged from Wuhan, China in late 2019 causing coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19). SARS-CoV-2 infection begins by attaching to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor (ACE2) via the spike glycoprotein, followed by cleavage by TMPRSS2, revealing the viral fusion domain. Other presumptive receptors for SARS-CoV-2 attachment include CD147, neuropilin-1 (NRP1), and Myeloid C-lectin like receptor (CLR), each of which might play a role in the systemic viral spread. The pathology of SARS-CoV-2 infection ranges from asymptomatic to severe acute respiratory distress syndrome, often displaying a cytokine storm syndrome, which can be life-threatening. Despite progress made, the detailed mechanisms underlying SARS-CoV-2 interaction with the host immune system remain unclear and are an area of very active research. The process’s key players include viral non-structural proteins and open reading frame products, which have been implicated in immune antagonism. The dysregulation of the innate immune system results in reduced adaptive immune responses characterized by rapidly diminishing antibody titers. Several treatment options for COVID-19 are emerging, with immunotherapies, peptide therapies, and nucleic acid vaccines showing promise. This review discusses the advances in the immunopathology of SARS-CoV-2, vaccines and therapies under investigation to counter the effects of this virus, as well as viral variants.