Open questions in implementation intention research
Open questions in implementation intention research
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实施意图研究中的开放性问题
DOI：
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发表时间：
2006
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
P. Gollwitzer
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
P. Gollwitzer
Webb（THISVOLUME）考虑制定“如果-那么”计划（即实施意图，如“如果服务员问我点菜，那么我会选择素食和非酒精饮料！作为一种强大的自我调节策略，帮助人们实现多做好事少做坏事的目标。他指出，当人们将自我调节限制在仅仅形成目标时（例如，“我想多吃蔬菜！我想少喝酒！').这种共同的目标意图-行为差距是由于人们往往无法获得必要的技能、努力和机会，而且他们经常在适当的时候面对相互冲突的行为倾向，无论这些对立的力量是来自内部还是外部，来自长期的坏习惯还是紧迫的竞争目标。韦伯认为，明确目标的实现应该有助于实现目标，特别是如果以“如果-那么”计划（实现意图）的形式实现目标。这应该是因为以下心理机制（Gollwitzer，1993，1999）：在实施意图的if部分中指定的关键情景线索的心理表征变得高度激活，因此这些线索更容易回忆和检测，以及更容易注意。此外，在关键线索存在的情况下，在当时部分中指定的目标导向反应的启动变得自动化，从某种意义上说，它现在是立即的，有效的（即毫不费力的），不再需要有意识的意图。为了支持这些观点，韦伯报告的研究表明，当实施意图已经形成时，目标的实现通常会得到促进，而当目标实现本身很困难或由于不良习惯的干扰而变得困难时，实施意图的效果尤其明显。然后，他描述了允许将这些有益效果归因于假设机制的实验（例如，Aarts等人，1999年，针对特定线索的心理表征的高度激活;以及Webb和Shepherd，正在审查中，针对特定目标导向反应的自动化）。最后，Webb提出了实施意图研究的一些开放性问题。他提出了一些有趣的问题：（a）达到给定目标的动机如何影响各自的实施意图对实际目标实现的影响;（B）为给定目标服务的多个“如果-那么”计划的形成是否削弱了实施意图效应;以及（c）是否存在潜在地修改实施意图效应的个体差异变量。下面我将逐一讨论这些问题。
WEBB (THISVOLUME) CONSIDERS the making of if-then plans (i.e. implementation intentions such as 'If thewaiter asks me for my order, then I will choose a vegetarian dish and a non-alcoholic drink!') as a powerful self-regulation strategy that helps people to meet their goals of doing more good and less bad. He points to the comparative lack of success that is achieved when people restrict their self-regulation to the forming of mere goals (e.g. 'I want to eat more vegetables!' and 'I want to drink less alcohol!'). This common goal intention-behaviour gap is due to the fact that people often do not have access to the necessary skills, efforts, and opportunities, and that they often face conflicting behavioural tendencies exactly at that point in time when it were appropriate to act on the focal goal no matter whether these opposing forces originate from inside or outside, from chronic bad habits or pressing competing goals. Webb argues that explicating the implementation of one's goals should facilitate their attainment, in particular if this is done in the form of if-then plans (implementation intentions). This should be the case because of the following psychological mechanisms (Gollwitzer, 1993, 1999): the mental representation of the critical situational cues specified in the if-part of an implementation intention becomes highly activated and thus these cues are more easily recalled and detected, as well as more readily attended to. Moreover, in the presence of the critical cue, the initiation of the goal-directed response specified in the then-part becomes automated in the sense that it is now immediate, efficient (i.e. effortless), and no longer requires a conscious intent. In support of these ideas, Webb reports studies showing that goal attainment is generally facilitated when implementation intentions have been formed, and that implementation intention effects are particularly pronounced when goal attainment is difficult by itself or becomes difficult because of the interference of bad habits. He then describes experiments that allow attributing these beneficial effects to the postulated mechanisms (e.g. Aarts et al., 1999, for the heightened activation of the mental representation of specified cues; and Webb and Sheeran, under review, for the automation of the specified goal-directed response). Finally, Webb raises some open issues of implementation intention research. He asks intriguing questions of: (a) how the motivation to reach a given goal influences the effects of respective implementation intentions on actual goal attainment; (b) whether the formation ofmultiple if-then plans in the service of a given goal weakens implementation intention effects; and (c) whether there are individual difference variables that potentially modify implementation intention effects. In the following I will address these issues one by one.