An inventory of the mires of Hokkaido, Japan—their development, classification, decline, and conservation
An inventory of the mires of Hokkaido, Japan—their development, classification, decline, and conservation
复制标题
日本北海道泥沼清单——它们的发展、分类、衰退和保护
作者：
H. Fujita;Y. Igarashi;S. Hotes;Masayuk Takada;Takashi Inoue;M. Kaneko
北海道岛位于冷温带，其气候条件有利于形成多种湿地类型，其中大部分是泥炭沼泽。其中大部分直到世纪早期仍处于自然状态。然而，排水和随后的转换主要是农业用地已经破坏了70%以上的原始湿地生态系统。本文概述了沼泽的类型，回顾了北海道全新世沼泽的发展过程，分析了沼泽面积减少的原因，总结了目前的保护和管理现状。在北方半球其他地区描述的基本沼泽类型也可以在北海道识别，尽管存在植物区系差异，火山影响和海啸的频率和强度高于大多数其他地区，具有丰富的沼泽形成。沼泽的形成始于冰后期的不同时期;北海道西南部的一些山区沼泽可以追溯到晚冰期，但大多数山区沼泽形成于全新世中晚期。大多数低地沼泽发育在海拔20米以下，并受到约6,000年前达到高峰的绳纹海侵的影响。最大的低地沼泽是在海水退去后开始形成的，许多沼泽的历史不超过3,000年。1996年，大于1公顷的湿地（包括泥炭沼泽、淡水沼泽和盐沼）总数为150个，总面积为59，881公顷。1928年，许多湿地尚未开发，其总面积为200，642公顷。大部分损失发生在20世纪50年代至70年代，当时战后发展经济促进了农业和大规模的填海工程。目前，90.7%的山地湿地是公共土地，而81.3%的低地湿地是私人或混合所有制。所有权条件影响了保护完整沼泽复合体的可能性，特别是在低地。为了有效地保护湿地生态系统，有必要将集水区纳入保护区规划。
Hokkaido Island is located in the cool temperate zone, and its climate conditions facilitated the formation of a variety of wetland types, the majority of them peat-forming mires. Most of these remained in a natural state until the early 20th century. However, drainage and subsequent conversion mostly to agricultural land have since destroyed more than 70% of the original wetland ecosystems. This paper (1) provides an overview of mire types, (2) reviews the development process of mires in Hokkaido during the Holocene, (3) analyzes the causes of losses of wetland areas, and (4) gives a summary of the current conservation and management status. Basic mire types that have been described in other parts of the northern hemisphere can also be recognized in Hokkaido, although there are floristic differences, and the frequency and intensity of volcanic impact and tsunamis is higher than in most other regions with abundant mire formation. Mire formation started at various points during the postglacial period; a few mountain mires in southwest Hokkaido date back to the Lateglacial, but most mountain mires formed during the mid to late Holocene. Most lowland mires developed at altitudes below 20 m and were influenced by the Jomon transgression that peaked ca. 6,000 years BP. The largest lowland mires started forming after the sea retreated, and many are not older than ca. 3,000 years. In 1996, the total number of wetlands (including peat-forming mires, freshwater marshes, and saltmarshes) greater than 1 ha was 150, with a total area of 59,881 ha. In 1928, when many wetlands were yet undeveloped, their total area was 200,642 ha. Most losses occurred between the 1950s and 1970s, when post-war development economics promoted agriculture and large-scale reclamation projects. Currently, 90.7% of mountain wetlands are public land, while 81.3% of the lowland wetlands are private or in mixed ownership. The ownership condition affects the possibilities for the protection of complete mire complexes especially in the lowlands. For effective conservation of wetland ecosystems it is necessary to include the catchment area in the planning of protected areas.