Ship-Based Contributions to Global Ocean, Weather, and Climate Observing Systems
Ship-Based Contributions to Global Ocean, Weather, and Climate Observing Systems
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DOI：
10.3389/fmars.2019.00434
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发表时间：
2019-08
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
Shawn R. Smith;G. Alory;A. Andersson;W. Asher;A. Baker;D. Berry;K. Drushka;Darin Figurskey;Eric Freeman;P. Holthus;T. Jickells;H. Kleta;Elizabeth C. Kent;N. Kolodziejczyk;M. Kramp;Z. Loh;P. Poli;U. Schuster;Emma Steventon;S. Swart;O. Tarasova;Loic Petit de la Villéon;Nadya Vinogradova-Shiffer
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文献类型：
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作者：
Shawn R. Smith;G. Alory;A. Andersson;W. Asher;A. Baker;D. Berry;K. Drushka;Darin Figurskey;Eric Freeman;P. Holthus;T. Jickells;H. Kleta;Elizabeth C. Kent;N. Kolodziejczyk;M. Kramp;Z. Loh;P. Poli;U. Schuster;Emma Steventon;S. Swart;O. Tarasova;Loic Petit de la Villéon;Nadya Vinogradova-Shiffer
船舶在大气，海洋和地球化学观测中发挥的作用进行了描述，重点是在100米的海洋表面的测量。船舶包括商船和研究船，游轮和渡轮，渔船，海岸警卫队，军用和其他政府运营的船舶，游艇以及不断增长的自动化水面船只。船舶测量基本的气候/海洋变量和要求，从一个广泛的社会，以解决业务，商业和科学的需求目前的能力进行了说明。在OceanObs'19组委会的指导下，作者提出了一个愿景，即扩大船舶所需的观测，以了解和预测海洋-大气界面的交换。该愿景涉及（1）招募船只以改善空间和时间采样，（2）在船上进行多变量采样，（3）提高自动船上传感器和船到海岸数据通信的技术准备水平，（4）推进观测质量评估，以及（5）为观测和元数据制定一个统一的数据管理方法，以满足不同用户群体的需求。提出的建议侧重于将私人和自主船舶纳入观测系统，投资于传感器和通信技术开发，开发包括所有类型船舶的综合数据管理结构，并逐步开展质量评估进程，最终将一部分船舶界定为支持气候研究的移动的参考船舶。我们设想的未来，商业，研究和私人拥有的船只正在使用自动化和人工观察的测量相结合的多变量观测。所有数据和元数据都将记录、跟踪、评价、分发和存档，以使海洋数据用户受益。这一愿景将船舶视为一个整体网络，而不是一组孤立的商业，研究和/或第三方活动，将这些社区聚集在一起，为所有人的共同利益服务。
The role ships play in atmospheric, oceanic, and biogeochemical observations is described with a focus on measurements made within 100 m of the ocean surface. Ships include merchant and research vessels, cruise liners and ferries, fishing vessels, coast guard, military, and other government-operated ships, yachts, and a growing fleet of automated surface vessels. The present capabilities of ships to measure essential climate/ocean variables and the requirements from a broad community to address operational, commercial, and scientific needs are described. Following the guidance from the OceanObs’19 organizing committee, the authors provide a vision to expand observations needed from ships to understand and forecast the exchanges across the ocean-atmosphere interface. The vision addresses (1) recruiting vessels to improve both spatial and temporal sampling, (2) conducting multi-variate sampling on ships, (3) raising technology readiness levels of automated shipboard sensors and ship-to-shore data communications, (4) advancing quality evaluation of observations, and (5) developing a unified data management approach for observations and metadata that meets the needs of a diverse user community. Recommendations are made focusing on integrating private and autonomous vessels into the observing system, investing in sensor and communications technology development, developing an integrated data management structure that includes all types of ships, and moving towards a quality evaluation process that will result in a subset of ships being defined as mobile reference ships that will support climate studies. We envision a future where commercial, research, and privately-owned vessels are making multivariate observations using a combination of automated and human-observed measurements. All data and metadata will be documented, tracked, evaluated, distributed, and archived to benefit users of marine data. This vision looks at ships as a holistic network, not a set of disparate commercial, research, and/or third-party activities working in isolation, to bring these communities together for the mutual benefit of all.