Dams, sediment sources and reservoir silting in Romania
Dams, sediment sources and reservoir silting in Romania
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DOI：
10.1016/j.geomorph.2004.04.010
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发表时间：
2005-10
期刊：
影响因子：
3.9
通讯作者：
M. Rǎdoane;N. Rădoane
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
M. Rǎdoane;N. Rădoane
罗马尼亚是世界上在大坝领域取得最大成就的国家之一。在ICOLD的80个成员国中，罗马尼亚排名第19位，在欧洲排名第9位。大坝后布置的水库具有库容小的特点，一般在2亿立方米以下。全国共有大坝246座，其中近一半是40米以下的大坝。最高的大坝是雷特扎特山脉Rul Mare上的Gura Apelor大坝，高168米。我们还可以再增加其他1500座大坝，高度在15米以下，水库容量不到100万立方米。通过在罗马尼亚境内的河流系统中布置水坝和水库进行的人为干预意义重大，这证明地貌学家有理由关注景观动态与这些人类结构行为之间的关系。这项工作只涉及水库一旦被置于水系中就会经历的一个过程--淤积。更确切地说，我们试图根据与我国领土地貌动力学的关系，并考虑到大量新数据的积累，对罗马尼亚水库淤积的知识阶段进行综合。罗马尼亚领土的总侵蚀率平均为1.25亿吨/年，其中4500万吨/年至5000万吨/年通过河流转移。分析了138座初始库容在1×10~6m~3~1230×10~6m~3之间的水库，确定了水库的淤积时间。罗马尼亚水库淤积情况如下：15座大坝水库泥沙淤积非常严重，平均库容为800万立方米，全部位于重要的产沙区之一--喀尔巴山以南地区(500吨/平方公里/年以上)，这些水库的淤积时间T50在2至10年之间；严重的水库有30座，平均库容为3500万立方米，淤积时间T50在10至50年之间。在这种情况下，水库也位于重要的比含沙量超过250吨/平方公里/年的地区(如Olt河、Argeş河、Buzău河和Bstriţa河的情况，但也包括Bèrlad盆地的水库)，其中许多水库被布置成主要河流上的小型水库梯级；13座水库很难淤积泥沙，淤积时间为100年，通常位于该地区约200吨/平方公里/年。
Romania ranks among countries with the greatest achievements in the field of dams in the world. Among the 80 membership countries of the ICOLD, Romania ranks 19th in “large dams” and the 9th in Europe. The reservoirs arranged behind dams are characterised by small capacities, generally under 200 million mc. The total number of big dams is 246, among which almost half are dams under 40 m in height. The highest dam is Gura Apelor, on Râul Mare, in the Retezat Mountains and it is 168 m. We can add to these other 1500 dams, under 15 m in height, with the reservoirs having capacities under 1 million m3. The anthropic intervention through the arranging of dams and reservoirs in the river systems of Romania's territory is significant and justifies the concern of geomorphologists to know the relations between the dynamics of the landscape and the behaviour of these anthropic structures. This work refers only to one of the processes that reservoirs undergo once they are placed in a river system—the silting. More precisely, we try to make a synthesis of the knowledge stage of the reservoirs silting in Romania that we want to approach on the basis of the relations with our territory morphodynamics and considering the substantial accumulations of new data. The total erosion rate from Romania's territory is, on the average, 125 million tons/year out of which 45–50 million tons/year are transferred by rivers. We analyzed 138 reservoirs with initial volumes between 1×106m3and 1230×106m3for which there is a determination of the silting time. The situation of the reservoirs silting from Romania is as follows: very serious for 15 dam reservoirs with average dimensions of 8 million m3, all of them situated in the Sub-Carpathian area, one of the important sediment production areas (over 500 tons/km2/year), with the silting time T50 of these reservoirs having values between 2 and 10 years; serious for 30 reservoirs, with average capacities of 35 million mc, and the silting time T50 between 10 and 50 years. In this case, the reservoirs are also situated in the area of important specific sediment production of over 250 tons/km2/year (the case of the rivers Olt, Argeş, Buzău, and Bistriţa but also of the reservoirs in the Bârlad basin), many of them being arranged as a cascade of small reservoirs on the main rivers; difficult for 13 reservoirs, with a silting time < 100 year and which are usually situated in the area at about 200 tons/km2/year.