Prevention and control measures for coastal erosion in northern high-latitude communities: a systematic review based on Alaskan case studies
Prevention and control measures for coastal erosion in northern high-latitude communities: a systematic review based on Alaskan case studies
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DOI：
10.1088/1748-9326/ab9387
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发表时间：
2020-08
影响因子：
6.7
通讯作者：
Min Liew;M. Xiao;B. Jones;L. Farquharson;V. Romanovsky
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Min Liew;M. Xiao;B. Jones;L. Farquharson;V. Romanovsky
近几十年来，高纬度海岸的侵蚀一直在加速，导致土地流失和基础设施受损，威胁到当地社区的福祉，并迫使社区进行不受欢迎的搬迁。本综述评估了目前在北部高纬度地区几个沿海社区实施海岸稳定措施的情况。在考虑了全球做法和北部高纬度和北极地区的做法之后，本文随后探索了新的和潜在的海岸稳定措施，以解决北方高纬度海岸线特有的侵蚀问题。通过案例介绍了在北方高纬度地区建立现行侵蚀控制措施方面的挑战以及过去40年来这些措施的成本。综合结果表明，在目前高纬度地区使用的侵蚀控制措施中，用岩石建造的护岸报告的失败次数最少，是北部高纬度海岸线包括永久冻土海岸最常用的措施，而抛石是最常用的材料。对于海堤、舱壁和腹股沟系统，报告的故障很常见，主要与位移、偏转、沉降、破坏和材料破裂有关。由于成本低，易于施工、检查和退役，护岸已成功地在年平均侵蚀率(0.3-2.4米/年)和阶段性侵蚀(6.0-22.9米)范围较大的地点实施。对于在紧急情况下建造的非工程权宜性措施，除了使用树根和柳树的权宜性植被措施外，还没有成功的案例报告。这次审查考虑了防止软侵蚀的措施，包括海滩滋养和动态稳定的海滩。在受永久冻土影响的阿拉斯加州乌特基亚ġvik，海滩营养的有效性尚不确定。动力稳定的海滩在防止侵蚀方面是有效的，观察表明，在单一风暴事件后，它们只受到轻微的破坏。分析还表明，在沙坑(相对于悬崖、岛屿、障碍岛和河口)上建造了更多的措施，这是许多阿拉斯加沿海社区居住的地貌。新出现的可用于减轻高纬度地区海岸侵蚀的侵蚀控制措施包括土工合成材料、静态海湾海滩概念、制冷技术和生物地球化学应用。然而，这篇综述表明，缺乏评估这些新措施在高纬度环境中表现的案例研究。这篇论文确定了研究空白，以便这些新兴的措施可以扩大到在永久冻土海岸的全面应用。
Erosion along high-latitude coasts has been accelerating in recent decades, resulting in land loss and infrastructure damage, threatening the wellbeing of local communities, and forcing undesired community relocations. This review paper evaluates the state of practice of current coastal stabilization measures across several coastal communities in northern high latitudes. After considering global practices and those in northern high latitude and arctic settings, this paper then explores new and potential coastal stabilization measures to address erosion specific to northern high-latitude coastlines. The challenges in constructing the current erosion control measures and the cost of the measures over the last four decades in northern high-latitude regions are presented through case histories. The synthesis shows that among the current erosion controls being used at high latitudes, revetments built with rocks have the least reported failures and are the most common measures applied along northern high-latitude coastlines including permafrost coasts, while riprap is the most common material used. For seawalls, bulkheads, and groin systems, reported failures are common and mostly associated with displacement, deflection, settlement, vandalism, and material ruptures. Revetments have been successfully implemented at sites with a wide range of mean annual erosion rates (0.3–2.4 m/year) and episodic erosion (6.0–22.9 m) due to the low costs and easy construction, inspection, and decommissioning. No successful case history has been reported for the non-engineered expedient measures that are constructed in the event of an emergency, except for the expedient vegetation measure using root-wads and willows. Soft erosion prevention measures, which include both beach nourishment and dynamically stable beaches, have been considered in this review. The effectiveness of beach nourishment in Utqiaġvik, Alaska, which is affected by permafrost, is inconclusive. Dynamically stable beaches are effective in preventing erosion, and observations show that they experience only minor damages after single storm events. The analysis also shows that more measures have been constructed on a spit (relative to bluffs, islands, barrier islands, and river mouths), which is a landform where many Alaskan coastal communities reside. The emerging erosion control measures that can potentially be adapted to mitigate coastal erosion in high-latitude regions include geosynthetics, static bay beach concept, refrigerating techniques, and biogeochemical applications. However, this review shows that there is a lack of case studies that evaluated the performance of these new measures in high-latitude environments. This paper identifies research gaps so that these emerging measures can be upscaled for full-scale applications on permafrost coasts.