Smart contracts in energy systems: A systematic review of fundamental approaches and implementations
Smart contracts in energy systems: A systematic review of fundamental approaches and implementations
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DOI：
10.1016/j.rser.2021.112013
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发表时间：
2022-04
影响因子：
15.9
通讯作者：
D. Kirli;Benoit Couraud;V. Robu;Marcelo Salgado-Bravo;Sonam Norbu;M. Andoni;Ioannis Antonopoulos-
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
D. Kirli;Benoit Couraud;V. Robu;Marcelo Salgado-Bravo;Sonam Norbu;M. Andoni;Ioannis Antonopoulos-
鉴于能源系统正在向更加分散和适应性更强的方向转变，支持区块链的智能合同在能源行业的潜力越来越受到认可。由于其自动执行，可定制和防篡改的性质，它们被视为实现向更高效，透明和交易的能源市场过渡的关键技术。智能合约的应用包括协调智能电动汽车充电、自动化需求侧响应、点对点能源交易以及在网络运营商之间分配控制职责。尽管如此，它们在能源领域的应用仍处于早期阶段，因为在安全性、隐私性、可扩展性和计费方面存在许多公开的挑战。在本文中，我们系统地回顾了178篇同行评议的出版物和13个创新项目，对能源领域使用的智能合约的优势和劣势进行了全面分析。这项工作为使用这项技术的利益相关者在当前和新兴市场（如点对点能源交易平台）中面临的机遇和挑战提供了广泛的视角。为了给对该技术感兴趣的研究人员和从业者提供一个路线图，我们提出了一个智能合同过程的系统模型，通过开发一个新的6层架构，以及以伪代码形式和开源代码的形式提供一个样本能源合同。我们的分析集中在我们确定的智能合约在该领域使用的两个主流应用领域：能源和灵活性交易以及分布式控制。本文最后对智能合约和能源区块链领域必须解决的优势和挑战进行了全面、批判性的讨论，并提出了研究人员和开发人员在将智能合约应用于能源系统设置时应该考虑的一系列建议。
Given the ongoing transition towards a more decentralised and adaptive energy system, the potential of blockchain-enabled smart contracts for the energy sector is being increasingly recognised. Due to their self-executing, customisable and tamper-proof nature, they are seen as a key technology for enabling the transition to a more efficient, transparent and transactive energy market. The applications of smart contracts include coordination of smart electric vehicle charging, automated demand-side response, peer-to-peer energy trading and allocation of the control duties amongst the network operators. Nevertheless, their use in the energy sector is still in its early stages as there are many open challenges related to security, privacy, scalability and billing. In this paper, we systematically review 178 peer-reviewed publications and 13 innovation projects, providing a thorough analysis of the strengths and weaknesses of smart contracts used in the energy sector. This work offers a broad perspective on the opportunities and challenges that stakeholders using this technology face, in both current and emergent markets, such as peer-to-peer energy trading platforms. To provide a roadmap for researchers and practitioners interested in the technology, we propose a systematic model of the smart contracting process, by developing a novel 6-layer architecture, as well as presenting a sample energy contract in pseudocode form and as open-source code. Our analysis focuses on the two mainstream application areas we identify for smart contract use in this area: energy and flexibility trading, and distributed control. The paper concludes with a comprehensive, critical discussion of the advantages and challenges that must be addressed in the area of smart contracts and blockchains in energy, and a set of recommendations that researchers and developers should consider when applying smart contracts to energy system settings.