INTERNAL DYNAMICS AND THE INTERRELATIONS OF FISH IN SCHOOLS
INTERNAL DYNAMICS AND THE INTERRELATIONS OF FISH IN SCHOOLS
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DOI：
10.1007/bf00612563
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发表时间：
1981-01-01
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
PARTRIDGE, BL
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
PARTRIDGE, BL
在2.7 Hz的12，240帧录像带中分析了海蜇群的三维结构和个体间的相互作用。对已确定的个人之间的相互作用进行时间序列分析，可以测试匿名与学校领导的假设，并调查个人之间的信息传递，从而做出集体决策。赛欧匹配改变了相邻赛欧的游泳方向和速度，但游泳速度的相关性更大。鱼群的平均速度对邻近鱼类之间的相关性没有很大影响，尽管反应迟缓可能会有所增加。如前所述，最近邻距离（NND）随着学校速度的增加而减小。Saithe同时匹配学校内至少前两个最近邻居（NN 1和NN 2）的航向和游泳速度。将鱼的邻居之间的相关性进行分割，表明鱼与其第二近邻（NN 2）的相关性不仅仅是NN 1和NN 2之间相互相关性的传递函数。研究了学习成绩个体差异的几个来源。除了在学校里的首选职位外，在所有方面，saithe都没有表现出个体差异，即，有些人并不比其他人更好。虽然鱼群的体长差异高达2.5倍，但在NND和最近邻上没有发现与大小相关的效应。对鱼群游动速度和方向的互相关进行单连锁聚类分析，定量地证明了鱼群中10-11个成员的亚群的存在。亚组或多或少独立行动的短期变化的速度和方向仍然在学校作为一个整体，并不经常明显的观察员，因为一组成员相互交错的另一个。个体如何知道他们属于哪个亚群仍然没有答案。
The 3 dimensional structure of schools of saithe (P. virens) and the interactions between individuals over time were analyzed in 12,240 frames of videotape sampled at 2.7 Hz. Time series analysis of the interactions between identified individuals allowed testing of assumptions of anonymity vs. leadership in schools and investigation of the transfer of information between individuals by which collective decisions are made. Saithe match changes in swimming direction and speed of their neighbors but correlations are greater for swimming speed. Average speed of the school does not greatly affect correlations between neighboring fish although the reaction latencies may be somewhat increased. As shown previously nearest neighbor distance (NND) decreases with increasing school velocity. Saithe simultaneously match the headings and swimming speeds of at least their 1st 2 nearest neighbors within the school (NN1 and NN2). Partialling out the correlation between a fish''s neighbors demonstrates that a fish''s correlation to his 2nd nearest neighbor (NN2) is not simply a transitive function of mutual correlation between the NN1 and NN2. Several sources of individual variation in schooling performance were examined. In all respects except the preferred positions within the school, saithe showed no individual differences, i.e., some were not better schoolers than others. Although fish in the school differed in length by up to a factor of 2.5, no size related effects in NND or nearest neighbor were found. Single Linkage Cluster Analysis of the cross-correlations of fishs'' swimming speeds and directions demonstrated quantitatively the existence of subgroups within schools if they contain 10-11 members. Subgroups acting more-or-less independently in terms of short term variations in speed and direction remained within the school as a whole and were not often apparent to observers since members of 1 group interdigitated with those of another. How individuals know to which subgroup they belong remains unanswered.