Commensal bacteria and essential amino acids control food choice behavior and reproduction.
Commensal bacteria and essential amino acids control food choice behavior and reproduction.
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DOI：
10.1371/journal.pbio.2000862
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发表时间：
2017-04
期刊：
影响因子：
9.8
通讯作者：
Ribeiro C
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Leitão-Gonçalves R;Carvalho-Santos Z;Francisco AP;Fioreze GT;Anjos M;Baltazar C;Elias AP;Itskov PM;Piper MDW;Ribeiro C
选择摄入正确的营养物质对所有物种的健康和幸福至关重要。然而，影响这些选择的因素却鲜为人知。对于膳食蛋白质来说尤其如此，它是寿命和繁殖的重要决定因素。我们发现，在黑腹果蝇中，必需氨基酸（eAAs）以及共生细菌醋杆菌和乳酸菌的协同作用是食物选择的关键调节因素。通过使用化学成分确定的食物，我们表明食物中缺少任何一种必需氨基酸都足以引发对富含氨基酸食物的特定食欲。此外，共生细菌能使动物免受膳食必需氨基酸缺乏的影响：因必需氨基酸缺乏而导致的酵母食欲增加和繁殖能力下降都能因共生细菌的存在而得到改善。令人惊讶的是，这些影响似乎并非由于氨基酸浓度的变化，这表明肠道细菌是通过一种不同的机制来改变行为和繁殖的。因此，必需氨基酸和共生细菌是进食决策和繁殖产出的有力调节因素。这展示了特定营养物质与微生物组的相互作用如何影响行为决策和生活史特征。
动物（包括人类）选择吃什么对健康和幸福有巨大影响。尽管膳食蛋白质和氨基酸的摄入对动物至关重要，但已知过量摄入这些营养物质会产生有害影响。因此，许多动物会对这些关键营养物质的摄入进行精确控制。然而，控制蛋白质食欲的因素却鲜为人知。在此，我们表明在果蝇黑腹果蝇中，必需氨基酸和肠道细菌是蛋白质食欲的关键调节因素。食物中缺少任何一种必需氨基酸都会产生对富含蛋白质或氨基酸食物的强烈且特定的食欲。然而，具有合适微生物组的果蝇不会产生这种蛋白质食欲。具体来说，两种肠道细菌——醋杆菌和乳酸菌——共同作用抑制蛋白质食欲。此外，我们发现缺乏膳食必需氨基酸的果蝇繁殖能力下降，这种影响也能因肠道细菌而得到改善。最后，基于代谢物测量，我们提出细菌对宿主生理和行为的影响并非通过改变氨基酸水平来介导。我们的研究展示了特定营养物质与微生物组的相互作用如何影响行为和动物适应性，并表明它们是通过一种新的机制来实现的。
Choosing the right nutrients to consume is essential to health and wellbeing across species. However, the factors that influence these decisions are poorly understood. This is particularly true for dietary proteins, which are important determinants of lifespan and reproduction. We show that in Drosophila melanogaster, essential amino acids (eAAs) and the concerted action of the commensal bacteria Acetobacter pomorum and Lactobacilli are critical modulators of food choice. Using a chemically defined diet, we show that the absence of any single eAA from the diet is sufficient to elicit specific appetites for amino acid (AA)-rich food. Furthermore, commensal bacteria buffer the animal from the lack of dietary eAAs: both increased yeast appetite and decreased reproduction induced by eAA deprivation are rescued by the presence of commensals. Surprisingly, these effects do not seem to be due to changes in AA titers, suggesting that gut bacteria act through a different mechanism to change behavior and reproduction. Thus, eAAs and commensal bacteria are potent modulators of feeding decisions and reproductive output. This demonstrates how the interaction of specific nutrients with the microbiome can shape behavioral decisions and life history traits. What animals, including humans, choose to eat has a tremendous impact on health and wellbeing. Though intake of dietary proteins and amino acids is essential for animals, excessive consumption of these nutrients is known to have detrimental effects. Many animals, therefore, execute precise control over the intake of these key nutrients. However, the factors controlling protein appetite are poorly understood. Here, we show that in the vinegar fly Drosophila melanogaster, essential amino acids and gut bacteria are key modulators of protein appetite. Lack of any one essential amino acid from the diet produces a strong and specific appetite for proteinaceous or amino acid–rich food. However, flies with an appropriate microbiome do not develop this protein appetite. Specifically, two gut bacteria species, Acetobacter pomorum and Lactobacilli, work together to suppress protein appetite. Furthermore, we show that flies lacking dietary essential amino acids have reduced reproductive output, an effect which is also rescued by gut bacteria. Finally, based on metabolite measurements, we propose that the influence of bacteria on host physiology and behavior is not mediated by changing amino acid levels. Our study demonstrates how the interaction of specific nutrients with the microbiome can shape behavior and animal fitness and suggests that they do so through a novel mechanism.