Competitive altruism: from reciprocity to the handicap principle
Competitive altruism: from reciprocity to the handicap principle
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DOI：
10.1098/rspb.1998.0312
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发表时间：
1998-03-07
影响因子：
4.7
通讯作者：
Roberts, G
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Roberts, G
目前合作方面的工作主要集中在互惠利他主义理论上。然而，互惠只是获得利他主义投资回报的一种方式，很难应用于许多例子。互惠理论探讨了动物如何动态地回应他人，以便在不被剥削的情况下进行合作。我讨论了将个人慷慨程度的差异以及伴侣选择引入互惠模型中如何导致利他行为升级。个人可能会争夺最无私的合作伙伴，而非利他主义者可能会被排斥。我将这种现象称为竞争性利他主义，并提出它可以代表远离互惠的动态响应性。利他主义可能会得到实物奖励，但奖励可能是间接累积的，或者可能根本不涉及利他主义的回报，例如，如果利他主义者倾向于被选为伴侣。这种多样性使得竞争性利他主义的理念与无法用互惠解释的行为相关。我考虑利他主义是否可以作为质量的信号，正如障碍原则所提出的那样。我认为利他行为可以产生特别有效的信号，因为它对接收者有固有的好处。我考虑互惠和竞争性利他主义之间的关系以及如何区分它们。
Current work on cooperation is focused on the theory of reciprocal altruism. However, reciprocity is just one way of getting a return on an investment in altruism and is difficult to apply to many examples. Reciprocity theory addresses how animals respond dynamically to others so as to cooperate without being exploited. I discuss how introducing differences in individual generosity together with partner choice into models of reciprocity can lead to an escalation in altruistic behaviour. Individuals may compete for the most altruistic partners and non-altruists may become ostracized. I refer to this phenomenon as competitive altruism and propose that it can represent a move away from the dynamic responsiveness of reciprocity. Altruism may be rewarded in kind, but rewards may be indirectly accrued or may not involve the return of altruism at all, for example if altruists tend to be chosen as mates. This variety makes the idea of competitive altruism relevant to behaviours which cannot be explained by reciprocity. I consider whether altruism might act as a signal of quality, as proposed by the handicap principle. I suggest that altruistic acts could make particularly effective signals because of the inherent benefits to receivers. I consider how reciprocity and competitive altruism are related and how they may be distinguished.