Metabolic acceleration and the evolution of human brain size and life history.
Metabolic acceleration and the evolution of human brain size and life history.
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DOI：
10.1038/nature17654
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发表时间：
2016-05-19
期刊：
影响因子：
64.8
通讯作者：
Ross SR
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Pontzer H;Brown MH;Raichlen DA;Dunsworth H;Hare B;Walker K;Luke A;Dugas LR;Durazo-Arvizu R;Schoeller D;Plange-Rhule J;Bovet P;Forrester TE;Lambert EV;Thompson ME;Shumaker RW;Ross SR
人类与其他现存猿类的区别在于，人类拥有更大的大脑和不同寻常的生活史，这种生活史结合了高生殖输出、缓慢的童年成长和异常的长寿。这套衍生的特征表明，人类谱系中的能量消耗和分配发生了重大变化，但需要直接测量人类和猿类的新陈代谢，以比较类人猿之间进化的能量策略。在这里，我们使用双标记水测量人类，黑猩猩，倭黑猩猩，大猩猩和猩猩的总能量消耗（TEE; kcal day-1）来检验人类谱系经历了代谢率加速的假设，为更大的大脑和更快的繁殖提供能量，而不牺牲维持和长寿。在包括体型和体力活动的多变量回归中，人类的TEE分别超过黑猩猩和倭黑猩猩、大猩猩和猩猩约400、635和820千卡/天，这很容易适应人类更大的大脑尺寸和生殖输出的成本。TEE的增加主要归因于人类更高的基础代谢率（kcal day-1），表明器官代谢活动增加。人类也有最大的体脂百分比。代谢率的增加，沿着能量分配的变化，在人类大脑大小和生命史的进化中至关重要。
Humans are distinguished from the other living apes in having larger brains and an unusual life history that combines high reproductive output with slow childhood growth and exceptional longevity. This suite of derived traits suggests major changes in energy expenditure and allocation in the human lineage, but direct measures of human and ape metabolism are needed to compare evolved energy strategies among hominoids. Here we used doubly labelled water measurements of total energy expenditure (TEE; kcal day−1) in humans, chimpanzees, bonobos, gorillas and orangutans to test the hypothesis that the human lineage has experienced an acceleration in metabolic rate, providing energy for larger brains and faster reproduction without sacrificing maintenance and longevity. In multivariate regressions including body size and physical activity, human TEE exceeded that of chimpanzees and bonobos, gorillas and orangutans by approximately 400, 635 and 820 kcal day−1, respectively, readily accommodating the cost of humans' greater brain size and reproductive output. Much of the increase in TEE is attributable to humans' greater basal metabolic rate (kcal day−1), indicating increased organ metabolic activity. Humans also had the greatest body fat percentage. An increased metabolic rate, along with changes in energy allocation, was crucial in the evolution of human brain size and life history.