Turning down the heat: Neural mechanisms of cognitive control for inhibiting task-irrelevant emotional information during adolescence
Turning down the heat: Neural mechanisms of cognitive control for inhibiting task-irrelevant emotional information during adolescence
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DOI：
10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.12.006
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发表时间：
2019-03-04
期刊：
影响因子：
2.6
通讯作者：
Hankin, Benajmin L.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Banich, Marie T.;Smolker, Harry R.;Hankin, Benajmin L.
认知控制的认知神经科学中的一个主要问题是，前额叶区域是否通过上调任务相关材料的处理或下调任务无关材料的处理来促进控制。在这里，我们采取了一种独特的方法来解决这个问题，通过使用多体素模式分析，这使我们能够确定在何种程度上的每个任务相关和任务无关的尺寸的刺激正在处理在后皮层上一个试验的基础上。在我们的研究中，青少年参与者进行了一个情绪词-情绪面孔Stroop任务，要求他们确定的情绪效价（积极，消极）的任务相关的词在任务无关的情绪面孔的背景下。使用调解模型，我们确定是否激活一个主要的认知控制区域，背外侧前额叶皮层（DLPFC），直接影响反应时间的一个试验的基础上，如果它这样做间接调制处理的任务相关和/或任务无关的信息在后脑区域。为了检验DLPFC效应的特异性，对杏仁核进行了类似的分析，杏仁核是一个参与处理与任务无关的情绪信息的大脑区域。对于一致和不一致的实验，在给定的实验中，DLPFC活性的增加与任务无关的面孔的知觉处理的减少有关，这与自上而下的认知控制可以调节任务无关信息的加工这一观点相一致。DLPFC活动没有观察到对任务相关词的处理效果。然而，增加的任务相关词的处理与一致性试验中较长的RT相关，但不一致性试验，这可能反映了需要更大的任务相关词的处理，以克服任何影响的pre-potent任务无关的脸。采用多水平调节中介模型研究个体差异对脑-行为关系的影响。在一致性实验中，任务无关面孔加工对反应时的影响在执行控制水平高的个体中减弱，在负性情感水平高的个体中增强，这表明青春期前额叶皮层的认知控制区可以抑制感觉皮层对任务无关信息的加工，从而影响反应时。任务相关信息的加工也可能影响绩效，但这种加工没有发现被认知控制区域调制的证据。此外，这些影响是敏感的自我报告的能力，发挥认知和情感控制的个体差异。因此，我们提供了更精确的机制，认知控制影响任务的性能在一个试验的基础上，在青春期的见解。
One major question in the cognitive neuroscience of cognitive control is whether prefrontal regions contribute to control by upregulating the processing of task-relevant material or by downregulating the processing of task-irrelevant material. Here we take a unique approach to addressing this question by using multi-voxel pattern analysis, which allowed us to determine the degree to which each of the task-relevant and task-irrelevant dimensions of a stimulus are being processed in posterior cortex on a trial-by-trial basis. In our study, adolescent participants performed an emotion word - emotional face Stroop task requiring them to determine the emotional valence (positive, negative) of a task-relevant word in the context of a task-irrelevant emotional face. Using mediation models, we determined whether activation of a major cognitive control region, the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), influences reaction time on a trial-by-trial basis directly or if it does so indirectly by modulating processing of the task-relevant and/or task-irrelevant information in posterior brain regions. To examine the specificity of the effects observed for the DLPFC, similar analyses were performed for the amygdala, a brain region involved in processing of the salient task-irrelevant emotional information.For both congruent and incongruent trials, increased DLPFC activity on a given trial was associated with reduced perceptual processing of the task-irrelevant face, consistent with the idea that top-down cognitive control can modulate processing of task-irrelevant information. No effect of DLPFC activity was observed on processing of the task-relevant word. However, increased processing of the task-relevant word was associated with longer RT on congruent trials but not incongruent trials, which may reflect a need for greater processing of the task-relevant word to overcome any influence of the pre-potent task-irrelevant face.In a more exploratory aspect of our investigation, multi-level moderated mediation models were used to examine the influence of individual differences on the observed brain-behavior relationships. For congruent trials, the influence of task-irrelevant face processing on RT was decreased in individuals with higher self-reported Executive Control and increased in those with higher levels of self-reported Negative Affect.These results suggest that cognitive control regions in prefrontal cortex during adolescence can suppress the processing of task-irrelevant information in sensory cortex to influence performance (RT). The processing of task-relevant information may also influence performance, but such processing did not reveal evidence of being modulated by cognitive control regions. Moreover, these effects are sensitive to individual differences in the self-reported ability to exert cognitive and affective control. As such, we provide insights into the more precise mechanisms by which cognitive control influences task performance on a trial-by-trial basis during adolescence.