The Anatomical Record Continues to Explore the Menagerie of Extreme Forms in Volume 2 of our Special Issue on the Most Extraordinary of Nature's Species
The Anatomical Record Continues to Explore the Menagerie of Extreme Forms in Volume 2 of our Special Issue on the Most Extraordinary of Nature's Species
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在我们关于最非凡的自然物种的特刊第二卷中，解剖记录继续探索极端形态的动物园
DOI：
10.1002/ar.24319
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发表时间：
2019
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Lurt H Albertine
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
J. Laitman;Lurt H Albertine
我们写这篇文章的时候，秋天的第一股寒意正降临在犹他州壮丽的瓦萨奇山脉的山坡上，以及曼哈顿同样令人惊叹的洞穴般的大道的山谷里。我们中的一个（K.A.）一直在熬夜设置我们的杂志出版问题（在采取了他的最后驼鹿照片的季节），更有活力的我们的二人组（J.L.）通过在巴黎的米其林星级餐厅用餐和在昂布瓦斯的城堡演讲（嘿，总得有人做这件事!），当你不在塞纳河边喝沿着喝Au lait咖啡时，J.L.经常回到他在巴黎的学生时代最喜欢的避难所，植物园动物园（我们中的一个[K.A.]他不得不透露一个关于他的秘密[J.L.]：后者最喜欢在la Menagerie一楼的Grande Galerie de l'Évolution Café吃的饭是羽衣甘蓝沙拉配鳄梨吐司;说来话长，等K.A.的传记吧!）。如果你从未去过，那么植物园是光之城中一个非常美丽的绿洲。这颗宝石的亮点是动物园，动物园，被认为是继维也纳著名的Tiergarten Schonbrunn之后世界上第二古老的连续运营的动物园。虽然植物园成立于1626年，并于1635年正式向公众开放，但动物园于1793年作为法国大革命的孩子而存在，这一年国家自然历史博物馆（巴黎的标志性自然历史博物馆）成立。事实上，作为革命的象征，动物园的第一批动物是从凡尔赛的动物园引进的，这让新共和国的公民有机会看到以前只有路易十六的镀金贵族和他戴假发的朝臣才能享受的东西。人们看到了大自然的威严! (Full披露：JL的父亲是一个"革命之子"，在巴黎右岸玫瑰花芸香街附近的工人阶级社区长大，离巴士底监狱不远;这不是一个对贵族有利的地方，更不用说沿着波旁国王了!）人们只能想象普通巴黎人在观看动物园里展出的异国情调时会有多么强大、敬畏和着迷。请记住，这是电视和电影之前的世界，更不用说Facebook和Twitter的即时性了;一个只有少数人能阅读的世界，更少的人仍然有办法旅行。生命是短暂的，通常是残酷的，缺乏奇迹和魅力的繁荣。除了《圣经》中的故事或童话故事之外，巴黎的市民几乎没有意识到动物世界的威严。这里有一匹马，那里有一只狗或猫，偶尔有一只谷仓里的猪或家禽在杂乱的街道上奔跑，这就是大多数动物世界的范围。突然间，政府的灾难性爆发推翻了法国贵族的特权世界，并将自然交给了人民。你好!祖国的孩子们! Le jour de gloire est arrive!.在18世纪末和19世纪初，巴黎的市民会看到什么样的景象呢？大象、狮子、老虎和长颈鹿会在动物园的围栏里吃草。人们可以想象，当他们贫穷的眼睛看到完全超出他们想象的生物时，他们会惊讶地喘息和尖叫。一个人怎么能向一个只见过狗的孩子解释大象，怎么能向一个只认识癞皮猫的人解释狮子呢？奇迹被介绍给人们!这是我们特刊的第二卷"极端解剖学"，本质上是关于奇迹的。作为信息过载时代的科学家，我们已经厌倦了欣赏自然的多样性，这些特刊有力地提醒我们，大自然灌输惊奇的能力是无限的。这卷，作为第一卷，是由著名的比较解剖学家蒂莫西史密斯的滑岩大学，与环球旅行J. L。他是西奈山的伙伴，讲述了这些令人敬畏的故事。第一卷（Laitman和Albertine，2020; Smith和Laitman，2020 a，2020 b）专注于探索“什么是极端？”和"谁能符合这个分类？"这卷扩展了极端物种的探索，重点是为什么某些物种已经取得了成功，而其他物种却半途而废。本特刊的两卷是基于解剖记录赞助的题为“极端解剖学：超越边缘的生活”的研讨会，该研讨会于2017年在圣地亚哥举行的美国解剖学家协会（现为美国解剖学协会）年会上举行。与本特刊的卷一样，解剖学记录303：211 - 213（2020）
We write this as the first chill of fall is descending upon the slopes of Utah’s magnificent Wasatch Mountains and in the valleys of Manhattan’s equally stunning cavernous avenues. While one of us (K.A.) has been burning the midnight oil setting issues of our journal to press (after taking his last moose photos of the season), the more energetic of our duo (J.L.) has been fostering international relations by eating at Michelin-starred restaurants in Paris and lecturing in chateaux in Amboise (hey, someone has to do it!). When not sipping cafe au lait along the Seine, J.L. often returns to a favorite refuge from his studentdays in Paris, la Menagerie du Jardin des plantes (one of us [K.A.] is compelled to reveal a well-kept secret about his compatriot [J.L.]: the latter’s favorite meal at the Grande Galerie de l’Évolution Café, on the first floor of the la Menagerie, is kale salad with avocado toast; a long story, wait for the biography by K.A.!). If you have never been, la Jardin des plantes is an exceptionally beautiful oasis within the City of Lights. The highlight of this gem is the menagerie, the zoo, considered the second oldest continuously operated zoological park in the world after Vienna’s famed Tiergarten Schonbrunn. While the botanical garden was founded in 1626, and officially opened to the public in 1635, the menagerie came into existence as a child of the French Revolution in 1793, the year the Museum national d’histoire naturelle (the iconic natural history museum of Paris) was itself founded. Indeed, symbolic of l’Revolution, the first animals in the zoo were brought from the menagerie at Versailles, allowing the citizens of the new republic the opportunity to see what previously could only be enjoyed by the gilded aristocracy of Louis XVI and his wig-wearing courtiers. The people could now see the majesty of nature! (Full disclosure: JL’s dad was a “fils du l’Revolution” raised in the working-class neighborhood around the rue des Rosiers on Paris’ right bank, not far from the Bastille prison; not a place that was favorable to aristocrats, let along Bourbon kings!) One can only imagine the potency, awe, and fascination that the average Parisian would have had in viewing les exotiques on display in the menagerie. Remember, this was the world before television and movies, let alone the immediacy of Facebook and twitter; a world in which only a few could read, and fewer still had the means to travel. Life was short, usually brutal, and devoid of the exuberance of wonder and fascination. Beyond tales from the bible, or those from fairy tales, the citizenry of Paris would have had little cognizance of the majesty of the animal world. A horse here, a dog or cat there, an occasional barnyard pig or fowl running down a cluttered street were the extent of the animal world for most. All of a sudden, a cataclysmic eruption of government brought down both the privileged world of French aristocracy and delivered nature to the people. Allons! Enfants de la Patrie! Le jour de gloire est arrive!.... And what sights the citizenry of Paris would have been able to behold at the end of the 18th and beginning of the 19th centuries! Elephants, lions, tigers, and giraffes would have grazed the enclosures of the menagerie. One can imagine the gasps of astonishment and squeals of wide-eyed ragamuffins when their impoverished eyes would light upon creatures that were literally beyond their imagination. How can one explain an elephant to a child that has only seen a dog; a lion to one who only knows a mangy cat? Wonder was introduced to the people! This second volume of our Special Issue on “Extreme Anatomy” is, in essence, about wonder. As scientists in the age of information overload, we have become jaded to appreciating nature’s diversity, and these Special issues are a powerful reminder that nature’s ability to instill amazement is boundless. This volume, as the first, is Guest Edited by noted comparative anatomist Timothy Smith of Slippery Rock University, with the globetrotting J.L. of Mount Sinai as his partner in presenting these tales of awe. While Volume 1 (Laitman and Albertine, 2020; Smith and Laitman, 2020a, 2020b) focused upon exploring the seminal questions of “What is extreme?” and “Who can fit into this classification?,” this volume extends the exploration of extreme species by focusing upon why certain species have made it while others have gone by the wayside. The two volumes of this Special Issue were based on an Anatomical Record-sponsored symposium entitled “Extreme Anatomy: Living Beyond the Edge” that was held in 2017 in San Diego at the Annual Meeting of the American Association of Anatomists (now American Association for Anatomy). As with the volumes of this Special Issue, THE ANATOMICAL RECORD 303:211–213 (2020)