Emerging Dynamics of Labour Market Inequality in India: Migration, Informality, Segmentation and Social Discrimination
Emerging Dynamics of Labour Market Inequality in India: Migration, Informality, Segmentation and Social Discrimination
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DOI：
10.1007/s41027-019-00178-5
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发表时间：
2019-06-01
影响因子：
1.5
通讯作者：
Srivastava, Ravi
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Srivastava, Ravi
三十年或更长时间的证据表明，印度大多数劳动力市场领域的工资不平等现象持续加剧。本文重点关注非正规化、移民、分割和社会歧视（这些因素在劳动力市场的低端发挥着最显着的作用）如何导致福祉赤字和劳动力市场不平等加剧。在控制了工人的其他特征后，有组织部门的正规工人和非正规工人之间存在巨大且不断扩大的工资差距。平均而言，在有组织部门分配正式或非正式工作的工人具有非常相似的特征。在正规和非正规工作中，虽然教育和经验提高了工资，但在控制其他特征的情况下，女性和社会地位较低的工人的工资较低。本文认为，季节性和循环性劳务移民在非正规就业中所占的比例正在不断增长。贫困和低种姓工人在此类工人中所占比例过高。季节性/循环性移徙工人通常构成有组织的部门工作场所中最低的劳动力阶层。他们因招募过程以及种姓、性别、种族、语言和地区而被分割和支离破碎。这种分割和碎片化为资本获得低成本、高度灵活的劳动力奠定了基础，这些劳动力工作时间长，从事最危险的工作。本文表明，印度劳动力市场的劳动力分割过程建立在根深蒂固的社会歧视过程之上，但随着劳动力变得更加流动和非正规化，它呈现出新的形式。基于性别的劳动分割建立在文化决定的女工社会再生产责任和其他社会文化因素的基础上。本文的结论是，虽然上述过程与印度资本主义增长的根本动力有关，但通过提供适当的社会保护、明智的劳动力市场监管和更全面的反歧视框架，可以在金字塔底层实现更公平的劳动力市场结果。
Evidence for three decades or more indicates that wage inequality has consistently increased in most labour market segments in India. This paper focuses on how informalisation, migration, segmentation, and social discrimination, which operate most significantly at the lower end of the labour market, have contributed to well-being deficits and rising labour market inequality. There is a large and growing wage gap between formal and informal workers in the organised sector after controlling for other characteristics of the workers. On average, workers who are allocated formal or informal work in the organised sector have very similar characteristics. Across both formal and informal work, while education and experience improves wages, female and low-social-status workers have lower wages, controlling for other characteristics. This paper argues that seasonal and circular labour migrants form a growing segment of the informally employed. Poor and low-caste workers form a disproportionate proportion of such workers. Seasonal/circular migrant workers usually form the lowest rung of labour at organised sector work sites. They are segmented and fragmented by the recruitment process and along lines of caste, sex, ethnicity, language and region. This segmentation and fragmentation creates the basis for capital to acquire low-cost, highly flexible labour, who work long hours and take up the most dangerous work. This paper shows that the process of labour segmentation in Indian labour markets builds on well-entrenched processes of social discrimination but has assumed new forms as the workforce has become more mobile and informalised. Gender-based labour segmentation builds on the culturally determined social reproduction responsibilities of female workers and other socio-cultural factors. This paper concludes that while the above processes are linked to the underlying dynamics of capitalist growth in India, more equitable labour market outcomes at the bottom of the pyramid can be achieved through the provision of suitable social protection, sensible labour market regulation and a more comprehensive anti-discrimination framework.