The quantitative study of communicative success: Politeness and accidents in aviation discourse
The quantitative study of communicative success: Politeness and accidents in aviation discourse
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沟通成功的定量研究：航空话语中的礼貌与意外
DOI：
10.1017/s0047404500012951
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发表时间：
1988
影响因子：
1.5
通讯作者：
C. Linde
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
C. Linde
摘要社会语言学从来不是一门封闭的或独立的学科，而是研究语言变量与所谓的现实世界变量（如年龄、性别和社会阶层）之间的关系。话语分析的发展现在允许在现实世界背景下分析话语的有效性。本研究的沟通成功使用的数据转录的八个航空事故，以及转录的十四个飞行模拟器会议。考虑的语言变量是缓解;现实世界的变量是成功或失败的个人通信，和同行的整体有效性的模拟器机组人员的判断。为了量化缓解措施的使用，通过使用几位语言分析师的判断建立了一个四级量表，并根据航空界成员的判断进行了验证。使用该量表，一些假设得到了证实：（1）向上的命令链的话语比那些向下的缓和，表明缓和是敏感的社会等级。(2)引入一个新话题的话语如果是缓和的，比直接的更容易失败。(3)船员向船长提出的建议如果是缓和的，比直接的更有可能失败。这些结果表明，缓解对沟通成功的几个措施的强烈影响。本研究表明，对交际成功进行定量研究是可能的，并指出进一步研究的必要性，这是语篇分析的一个必要方向。（语用学，话语分析，交际效果，礼貌，缓和，言后之力，人机界面）
ABSTRACT Sociolinguistics has never been a closed or autonomous discipline, but rather has considered relations between linguistic variables and so-called real-world variables, such as age, sex, and social class. Developments in discourse analysis now permit the analysis of the effectiveness of utterances in their real-world context. This study of communicative success uses as its data transcripts of eight aviation accidents, as well as transcripts of fourteen flight simulator sessions. The linguistic variable considered is mitigation; the real-world variables are success or failure of the individual communication, and peer judgments of the overall effectiveness of the simulator crews. To quantify the use of mitigation, a four-degree scale was established by using the judgments of several linguistic analysts and was validated against the judgments of members of the aviation community. Using this scale, a number of hypotheses were confirmed: (1) Utterances going up the chain of command are more mitigated than those going down, showing that mitigation is sensitive to social rank. (2) Utterances introducing a new topic are more likely to fail if they are mitigated than if they are direct. (3) Suggestions by a crew member to the captain are more likely to fail if they are mitigated than if they are direct. These results show a strong effect of mitigation on several measures of communicative success. This study shows that a quantitative study of communicative success is possible and suggests the necessity for further studies of this type as a necessary direction for discourse analysis. (Pragmatics, discourse analysis, communicative effectiveness, politeness, mitigation, perlocutionary force, man-machine interface)