Politics by Other Means? The Political Economy of Xenophobic Violence in Post-Apartheid South Africa-猫眼课题宝

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2017

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J. Misago

尽管南非在历史上根深蒂固的区域劳动力流动体系中一直是一个主要的枢纽，但自1994年该国向民主过渡并重新融入全球经济以来，移民已经多样化，并有所增加。事实上，由于其被认为的经济繁荣、政治稳定和人权记录，后种族隔离时代的南非已成为越来越多移民(主要来自非洲国家，但也越来越多地来自东欧和亚洲)的首选目的地，他们希望获得更好的社会经济未来，但也要保护自己免受内战或政治迫害。然而，一旦进入南非，移民(特别是穷人或不太富裕的人)往往会受到当地社区和机构的歧视、敌意和暴力排斥。自20世纪90年代以来进行的态度调查一直显示，南非人对移民和移民表现出高度的敌意。这种排外情绪几乎弥漫在社会各个阶层，并以各种形式表现出来，从日常的街头虐待到政府官员的歧视，以及反复发生的不同程度和规模的社区仇外暴力事件。尤其是排外暴力已经成为后种族隔离时代南非的一个长期特征。仇外暴力一般是指(当地社区、团体或人群)针对外国人或因外国人或陌生人而“当外人”实施的任何暴力行为。这是一种明确而明确的针对外国人或外来者的暴力袭击，无论其他物质、政治、文化或社会力量可能在起作用。其主要特征包括谋杀、造成严重身体伤害的袭击、抢劫、抢劫、纵火袭击(焚烧活人和财产)、流离失所、恐吓和威胁、骚扰、驱逐通知等。自1994年以来，数以万计的人因其外来者或外国人身份而受到骚扰、袭击或杀害。在此期间，全国各地的城镇和非正式住区的仇外暴力有所增加，局势变得如此令人震惊，以至于非洲同行审议机制关于南非的国别报告警告说，针对其他非洲人的仇外心理目前正在上升，必须将其扼杀在萌芽状态。虽然暴力事件在2008年5月最为激烈，受到了广泛关注，当时全国各地的袭击事件导致至少62人死亡，670人受伤，数十人被强奸，10万多人流离失所，价值数百万兰特的财产也在短短两周多的时间里被当地居民洗劫、摧毁或侵占，但暴力事件并没有结束。事实上，尽管官方声称南非社会已经“向前看”，但暴力并没有在2008年6月结束，当时一个月前开始的大规模疫情最终平息了下来。尽管该国没有出现2008年5月那样严重的暴力事件，但暴力事件的发生率并没有

Although South Africa has always been a major hubwithin a historically entrenched system of regional labor mobility, migration has diversified and increased since the country’s transition to democracy and reintegration into the global economy in 1994. Indeed, due to its perceived economic prosperity, political stability and human rights record, post-apartheid South Africa has become a preferred destination for increasing numbers of immigrants (predominantly from African countries, but also increasingly from Eastern Europe and Asia) seeking a better socio-economic future but also protection from civil wars or political persecution. Once in South Africa, however, immigrants (particularly the poor or the less wealthy) are oftenmetwith discrimination, hostility and violent exclusion by local communities and institutions. Attitudinal surveys conducted since the 1990s consistently show that South Africans display high levels of hostility toward immigration and immigrants. This anti-foreign sentiment is pervasive across virtually all strata of society and manifests in various forms, ranging from everyday streetlevel abuse to discrimination by government officials and recurring bouts of communal xenophobic violence in varying intensity and scale. Xenophobic violence in particular has become a longstanding feature in post-apartheid South Africa. Xenophobic violence generally refers to any acts of violence (by local communities, groups or crowds) targeted at foreign nationals or “when outsiders” because of their being foreign or strangers. It is a clear and explicit targeting of foreign nationals or outsiders for violent attacks whatever other material, political, cultural or social forces might be at work. Its main characteristics include murder, assaults causing grievous bodily harm, looting, robbery, arson attacks (burning of people alive and property), displacement, intimidation and threats, harassment, eviction notices, and so on. Since 1994, tens of thousands of people have been harassed, attacked, or killed because of their status as outsiders or foreign nationals. During this period, xenophobic violence has increased in townships and informal settlements across the country and the situation became so alarming that the African Peer Review Mechanism’s country report on South Africa warned that xenophobia against other Africans is currently on the rise and must be nipped in the bud. While the violence was most intense and widely scrutinized in May 2008 when attacks across the country left at least 62 dead, 670 wounded, dozens raped, more than 100,000 displaced, and millions of Rand worth of property was also looted, destroyed or appropriated by local residents in just over two weeks, it did not end then. Indeed, despite official claims that the South African society had “moved on,” the violence did not end in June 2008 when the massive outbreak that started a month earlier finally subsided. Although the country has not witnessed violence of the intensity seen in May 2008, the incidence of violence has not

Politics by Other Means? The Political Economy of Xenophobic Violence in Post-Apartheid South Africa

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