Ozone Mitigates the Adverse Effects of Diesel Exhaust Pollutants on Ground-Active Invertebrates in Wheat
Ozone Mitigates the Adverse Effects of Diesel Exhaust Pollutants on Ground-Active Invertebrates in Wheat
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DOI：
10.3389/fevo.2022.833088
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发表时间：
2022-03
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
James M. W. Ryalls;Tom Staton;N. Mullinger;Lisa M. Bromfield;B. Langford;C. Pfrang;E. Nemitz;J. Blande;R. D. Girling
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文献类型：
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作者：
James M. W. Ryalls;Tom Staton;N. Mullinger;Lisa M. Bromfield;B. Langford;C. Pfrang;E. Nemitz;J. Blande;R. D. Girling
越来越多的证据表明，空气污染正在直接影响无脊椎动物（例如，引起生理应激反应）和间接地（例如，通过宿主植物化学性质的变化和/或通过挥发性气味中断通信）。迄今为止，许多研究都集中在有翼昆虫和飞行觅食的中断。因此，在这项研究中，我们调查了主要是地面居住的无脊椎动物在冬小麦领域的社区组成的影响，两个最普遍存在的低对流层空气污染物，柴油机尾气排放（包括氮氧化物-NOx）和臭氧（O3），无论是单独和组合，超过2年。位于自由空气柴油和臭氧浓缩设施环内的陷阱被用来对无脊椎动物进行采样。该设施由8个直径为8米的环组成，可将污染物排放到环境水平以上（约49-60 ppb NOx和35-39 ppb O3），但仍在环境保护局目前定义的环境安全水平范围内。对收集的无脊椎动物进行分类鉴定，并根据饮食专门化、移动性和功能组进行表征。分类丰富度和Shannon多样性指数进行了计算。即使在相对较低的空气污染水平下产生的，有无脊椎动物群落组成的不利影响，与O3处理相比，柴油机尾气处理中的无脊椎动物的丰度和分类丰富度下降更大。在联合治疗中，污染物水平较低，最有可能是因为NOx和O3相互反应，因此观察到对无脊椎动物丰度和分类丰富度的负面影响较小。专家喂养和有翼的无脊椎动物物种似乎是更敏感的污染物的影响，更负面的空气污染处理比通才馈线和无翅物种，分别。因此，这些结果表明，更严重的污染介导的下降专业-与通吃的无脊椎动物相比，在更多的移动的（有翼）的个人。了解无脊椎动物群落如何单独和组合地对空气污染物作出反应，将有助于预测陆地环境如何对人为排放的变化作出反应，特别是当我们摆脱对化石燃料的依赖，从而操纵这两种常见污染物之间的相互作用时。
There is growing evidence to demonstrate that air pollution is affecting invertebrates both directly (e.g., causing physiological stress responses) and indirectly (e.g., via changes in host plant chemistry and/or by disruption of communication by volatile odours). Many of the studies to-date have focused upon winged insects and disruption of in-flight foraging. Therefore, in this study we investigated how the community composition of predominantly ground-dwelling invertebrates in fields of winter wheat are affected by two of the most ubiquitous lower tropospheric air pollutants, diesel exhaust emissions (including nitrogen oxides–NOx) and ozone (O3), both individually and in combination, over 2 years. Pitfall traps, located within the rings of a Free-Air Diesel and Ozone Enrichment (FADOE) facility, were used to sample invertebrates. The facility consisted of eight 8 m-diameter rings, which allowed elevation of the pollutants above ambient levels (ca 49–60 ppb NOx and 35–39 ppb O3) but within levels currently defined as safe for the environment by the Environmental Protection Agency. The invertebrates collected were taxonomically identified and characterised by diet specialisation, mobility and functional group. Taxonomic richness and Shannon’s diversity index were calculated. Even under the relatively low levels of air pollution produced, there were adverse impacts on invertebrate community composition, with greater declines in the abundance and taxonomic richness of invertebrates in the diesel exhaust treatment compared with O3 treatment. In the combined treatment, pollutant levels were lower, most likely because NOx and O3 react with one another, and consequently a lesser negative effect was observed on invertebrate abundance and taxonomic richness. Specialist-feeding and winged invertebrate species appeared to be more sensitive to the impacts of the pollutants, responding more negatively to air pollution treatments than generalist feeders and wingless species, respectively. Therefore, these results suggest a more severe pollution-mediated decline in specialist- compared with generalist-feeding invertebrates, and in more mobile (winged) individuals. Understanding how invertebrate communities respond to air pollutants alone and in combination will facilitate predictions of how terrestrial environments respond to changes in anthropogenic emissions, especially as we shift away from fossil fuel dependence and therefore manipulate the interactions between these two common pollutants.