Peatland gully restoration with stone and timber dams (Kinder Plateau, UK)
Peatland gully restoration with stone and timber dams (Kinder Plateau, UK)
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DOI：
10.1016/j.ecoleng.2023.107066
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发表时间：
2023-10
影响因子：
3.8
通讯作者：
T. Howson;M. Evans;T. Allott;E. Shuttleworth;A. Johnston;Joe Rees;D. Milledge;D. Edokpa;Chris Lockyer;M. Kay;T. Spencer;David Brown;Salim Goudarzi;M. Pilkington
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作者：
T. Howson;M. Evans;T. Allott;E. Shuttleworth;A. Johnston;Joe Rees;D. Milledge;D. Edokpa;Chris Lockyer;M. Kay;T. Spencer;David Brown;Salim Goudarzi;M. Pilkington
不列颠群岛普遍存在泥炭侵蚀。侵蚀沟壑主要是由流水的作用形成的，而人为影响被认为引发并加速了侵蚀。目前，许多覆盖泥炭地正在通过空中施用石灰、种子、肥料以及在裸露的泥炭地上手工撒播石南花覆盖物（LSFM）并用水坝堵塞沟渠进行恢复。水坝有助于稳定裸露泥炭区域，截留沉积物，降低径流速度，提高地下水位，并促进形成泥炭的植物物种的重新植被。很少有研究探讨沟壑如何随时间变化以及这对其提供的功能意味着什么。在侵蚀的泥炭地中安装 8-9 年后，我们对超过 2500 个小型石木水坝中的 500 个进行了随机抽样。我们测量了：植被覆盖度和丰度、大坝后面的沉积物积累以及由沟壑形态确定的坝池中的可用蓄水能力。平均而言，92% 和 93% 的沟底以及 85% 和 95% 的沟壁被完全植被覆盖，而平均沉积深度分别为 22 和 20 厘米，分别代表石坝和木坝的 42% 和 44% 的填充率。 2% 的水坝已经溃坝，这表明在第一个十年内溃坝的情况很少见。大多数保留了上游水池，填充了剩余存储的 18%（石头）和 44%（木材）。石坝和木坝之间的沉积物堆积深度（以及相反的可用储存量）（95% CI）和沿沟壑的距离没有显着差异。结果显示，无论沟壑特性或大坝设计如何，区块后面的存储深度大致一致。这些结果表明，大坝后面的沉积深度很快达到平衡，随后的沉积物输入由大坝上方的通量平衡。沟渠堵塞造成的径流衰减功能维持了近十年。因此，重新植被的沟渠堵塞系统可能代表了恢复泥炭地的稳定平衡条件，因此恢复的功能是泥炭地恢复的长期效益。
Blanket peat erosion is widespread in the British Isles. Eroded gullies have formed largely from the action of running water, with anthropogenic influences thought to have initiated and accelerated erosion. Currently, many blanket peatlands are undergoing restoration using aerial applications of lime, seed, fertiliser, and hand spreading of heather mulch (LSFM) on bare peat flats and blocking gullies with dams. Dams help stabilise areas of bare peat, trap sediment, reduce runoff velocities, raise water tables, and promote the re-vegetation of peat-forming plant species. Few studies have examined how gully blocks change over time and what this means for the functions they provide. We randomly sampled 500 of >2500 small stone and timber dams 8–9 years after installation in an eroding blanket peatland. We measured: vegetation cover and abundance, sediment accumulation behind dams, and available water storage capacity in dam pools as determined by gully morphology. On average, 92% and 93% of gully floors and 85% and 95% of gully walls were fully vegetated, while mean sediment depths were 22 and 20 cm, representing 42% and 44% infill for stone and timber dams, respectively. 2% of dams had failed, suggesting that failure is rare within the first decade. Most retained upstream pools, filling 18% (stone) and 44% (timber) of remaining storage. Sediment accumulation depths (and, conversely, available storage) did not differ significantly between stone and timber dams (95% CI) nor with distance down the gully. Results showed broadly consistent storage depth behind blocks independent of gully properties or dam design. These results suggest that sedimentation depths behind dams quickly reach equilibrium with subsequent sediment inputs balanced by the flux over the dam. Runoff attenuation functions from gully blocking were maintained for almost a decade. Therefore, re-vegetated gully blocked systems likely represent a stable equilibrium condition for the restored peatland so that the restored functions are a long-term benefit of peatland restoration.