When punishment is emotion-driven: Children's, adolescents', and adults' costly punishment of unfair allocations
When punishment is emotion-driven: Children's, adolescents', and adults' costly punishment of unfair allocations
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DOI：
10.1111/sode.12387
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发表时间：
2019-07-18
影响因子：
2
通讯作者：
Van Dillen, Lotte F.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Gummerum, Michaela;Lopez-Perez, Belen;Van Dillen, Lotte F.
儿童、青少年和成人何时决定惩罚侵犯公平的行为？两项针对 9 岁儿童、13 岁青少年和成人的研究调查了不公平与惩罚之间的联系是否是由负面情绪反应（通过皮肤电反应和情绪评级来衡量）介导的。研究 1（N = 117）在第二方惩罚的背景下研究了这个问题，其中惩罚者是违规行为的直接受害者。研究 2 (N = 119) 评估了第三方惩罚，其中惩罚者是观察者，不受违规行为的影响。在每项研究中，参与者都会收到七种分数分配，这些分数在提议者和接收者之间分配的公平程度有所不同，并且必须决定是否惩罚这些分配。尽管分配的不公平性强烈影响所有年龄段的第二方和第三方惩罚，但情绪评估（即皮肤电反应与情绪评级）的中介作用取决于惩罚者个人是否受到违规行为和年龄的影响。因此，当惩罚者受到违法行为的影响，或者当未受影响的第三方惩罚者站在违法行为受害者的角度（一种在童年和青春期之间发展的能力）时，负面情绪主要会引发代价高昂的惩罚。
When do children, adolescents, and adults decide to punish fairness violations? Two studies with 9-year-old children, 13-year-old adolescents, and adults investigated whether the link between unfairness and punishment was mediated by negative emotional reactions (measured through galvanic skin responses and emotion ratings). Study 1 (N = 117) examined this question in the context of second-party punishment, where the punisher is a direct victim of the violation. Study 2 (N = 119) assessed third-party punishment, where the punisher is an observer, unaffected by the violation. In each study, participants were presented with seven distributions of points, which differed in how fairly the points were allocated between a proposer and receiver, and had to decide whether to punish these distributions. Although the unfairness of the distribution strongly influenced second- and third-party punishment in all age groups, the mediating role of emotional appraisals (i.e., galvanic skin responses vs. emotion ratings) depended on whether or not the punisher was personally affected by the violation and age. Thus, negative emotions primarily motivate costly punishment when the punisher is affected by the violation or when an unaffected third-party punisher takes the perspective of the victim of a violation, an ability that develops between childhood and adolescence.