NEW FORMS OF GOVERNANCE: CERTIFICATION REGIMES AS SOCIAL REGULATIONS OF THE GLOBAL MARKET
NEW FORMS OF GOVERNANCE: CERTIFICATION REGIMES AS SOCIAL REGULATIONS OF THE GLOBAL MARKET
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新的治理形式：认证制度作为全球市场的社会规则
DOI：
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发表时间：
2003
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Virginia Haufler
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Virginia Haufler
在过去十年中，世界舞台上出现了一些新的治理形式，部分原因是传统形式的监管存在弱点和失败。新的形式包括所谓的“市场的社会监管”，在这种形式中，倡导团体与私营部门合作，促进对特定问题采取行动，以监管公司的行为。这种伙伴关系通常建立行为守则、监测和遵守制度、公共报告标准，并越来越多地使用认证制度为特定类型的行为创造市场激励。这些系统的设计既可以在政府参与的情况下也可以在没有政府参与的情况下运作。这与我们关于谁管理谁以及监管体系如何构建的传统观点背道而驰。监管可以宽泛地定义为对特定行为者行为的限制，包含在非自愿的规则和标准中。通常，我们认为监管是国家政府的职能，监管的目标往往是私营部门。这两个方面，公共和私人，相互对立，特别是在美国。然而，公共和私营部门在监管领域的边界越来越多地变得漏洞百出，除了国家代表之外，现在的治理者还包括各种各样的行为者。这改变了我们对什么是治理以及如何实现治理的看法，特别是在国际事务中。
In the past decade, a number of new forms of governance have emerged on the world stage, driven in part by the weaknesses and failures of traditional forms of regulation. The new forms include what might be called “social regulation of the market”, in which advocacy groups promoting action on a specific issue partner with the private sector to regulate the behavior of corporations. This partnership typically constructs codes of conduct, systems for monitoring and compliance, standards for public reporting, and increasingly the use of certification regimes to create market incentives for particular kinds of behavior. These systems are designed to work both with and without government involvement. This goes against our traditional views of who governs whom, and how regulatory systems are constructed. Regulation can be defined loosely as limits imposed on the behavior of particular actors, contained in rules and standards that are not voluntary. Typically, we view regulation as a function of national governments, and the targets of regulation are often the private sector. These two sides, public and private, stand in opposition to each other, especially in the United States. Increasingly, however, the borders between public and private sectors in the regulatory realm have become porous, and those doing the governance now include a variety of actors besides representatives of the state. This has changed our perceptions of what governance is, and how it is accomplished, especially in international affairs.