AVIAN BROOD REDUCTION AND PARENT-OFFSPRING CONFLICT
AVIAN BROOD REDUCTION AND PARENT-OFFSPRING CONFLICT
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DOI：
10.1086/285530
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发表时间：
1993-07-01
影响因子：
2.9
通讯作者：
FORBES, LS
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
FORBES, LS
鸟类产卵减少被广泛认为是亲子冲突的一个潜在来源。然而，经验证据掩盖了冲突的存在；例如，父母创造了最初的竞争不对称，促进了产卵减少，而在自相残杀的物种中，很少干预以阻止兄弟姐妹的攻击。在这里，我使用一个简单的博弈模型来研究父母和子女在减少孵化问题上的冲突。父母建立了一个初始的孵化规模和努力程度，以优化他们一生的生殖成功。后代可以通过减少幼崽的数量来应对，但如果他们这样做了，父母就可以自由地调整他们的努力水平。减少孵化是一种进化上稳定的策略(ESS)，只有当后代在父母重新调整努力后适应能力更高时才会这样做。模型分析表明，在孵化规模问题上既有冲突又有合作的可能性。研究考察了两种父母在当代兄弟姐妹之间分配资源的政策：平等，即平均分配食物；专制，即根据兄弟姐妹主导的等级分配食物。专制分配略微降低了父母的适合度，但亲子冲突的风险也降低了。当冲突确实发生时，父母和子女的健身成本和收益分别是适度的，特别是对于专制的分配。在那里，父母会给孩子们添加“保险”的后代。父母和年长的子女可能会在消除多余子女的问题上达成一致，即使杀死婴儿的直接原因是兄弟姐妹之间的竞争。
Avian brood reduction is widely viewed as a potential source of parent-offspring conflict. Yet empirical evidence belies the existence of conflict; for example, parents create the initial competitive asymmetries that facilitate brood reduction and, in fratricidal species, rarely intervene to stop sibling aggression. Here I examine parent offspring conflict over brood reduction using a simple game model. Parents establish an initial brood size and level of effort that optimizes their lifetime reproductive success. Offspring can respond by reducing brood size, but if they do so, parents are free to readjust their level of effort. Brood reduction is an evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS) only when offspring fitness is higher following parental readjustment of effort. Model analysis revealed that both conflict and cooperation over brood size am possible ESSs. Two parental policies of resource allocation among contemporary siblings were examined: equal, in which food is distributed evenly, and despotic, in which food is distributed according to a sibling dominance hierarchy. Parental fitness was diminished slightly by despotic allocation, but the risk of parent-offspring conflict was also diminished. When conflict did occur, the fitness costs and benefits for parents and offspring, respectively, were modest, particularly for despotic allocation. Where parents add ''insurance'' offspring to the brood. parents and elder offspring may agree over the elimination of redundant offspring, even though the proximate cause of infanticide is sibling rivalry.