Developmental histories of perceived racial discrimination and diurnal cortisol profiles in adulthood: A 20-year prospective study.
Developmental histories of perceived racial discrimination and diurnal cortisol profiles in adulthood: A 20-year prospective study.
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DOI：
10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.08.018
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发表时间：
2015-12
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
Eccles JS
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Adam EK;Heissel JA;Zeiders KH;Richeson JA;Ross EC;Ehrlich KB;Levy DJ;Kemeny M;Brodish AB;Malanchuk O;Peck SC;Fuller-Rowell TE;Eccles JS
在过去的横断面研究中，感知到的种族歧视(PRD)与皮质醇昼夜节律的改变有关。我们调查了前瞻性评估的PRD的发育史是否与成人每日皮质醇水平有关。来自马里兰州青少年发展背景研究的112名成年人(N=50名黑人，N=62名白人)提供了成年后(大约32岁)醒着、醒后30分钟和睡前7天的唾液样本。计算每日皮质醇测量，包括清醒皮质醇水平、每日皮质醇斜率、皮质醇觉醒反应(CAR)和平均每日皮质醇(AUC)。这些皮质醇结果是从个人在7年级(大约12岁)开始的20年内对PRD的测量中预测的。在20年期间测量的更大的平均PRD预测黑人和白人成年人的成人白天皮质醇斜率更平坦，以及较低的汽车。平均水平更高的PRD也预测黑人成年人清醒时皮质醇较低，但白人成年人不会。青春期的PRD经历在很大程度上解释了这些影响。当青春期和青壮年PRD一起预测皮质醇结果时，青春期(但不是青年)的PRD经历显著地预测了黑人和白人成年人更平坦的白天皮质醇斜率。青少年，而不是年轻的PRD，也显著地预测黑人成年人的清醒时间更短，平均皮质醇更低。然而，年轻的成年PRD是一个更强的汽车预测者，预测白人的汽车略低，黑人的汽车明显更大。对包括健康行为、抑郁、收入和父母教育水平在内的协变量的控制效果很好。珠江三角洲的经历与父母的教育和收入相互作用，预测了皮质醇昼夜节律的各个方面。尽管这些结果表明PRD对黑人和白人的皮质醇都有影响，但关键的发现表明，这种影响在黑人中更为普遍，影响皮质醇昼夜节律的多个方面。此外，对于PRD对成人应激生物学的影响，青春期是比成年期更敏感的发育期。
Perceived racial discrimination (PRD) has been associated with altered diurnal cortisol rhythms in past cross-sectional research. We investigate whether developmental histories of PRD, assessed prospectively, are associated with adult diurnal cortisol profiles. One-hundred and twelve (N = 50 Black, N = 62 White) adults from the Maryland Adolescent Development in Context Study provided saliva samples in adulthood (at approximately age 32 years) at waking, 30 min after waking, and at bedtime for 7 days. Diurnal cortisol measures were calculated, including waking cortisol levels, diurnal cortisol slopes, the cortisol awakening response (CAR), and average daily cortisol (AUC). These cortisol outcomes were predicted from measures of PRD obtained over a 20-year period beginning when individuals were in 7th grade (approximately age 12). Greater average PRD measured across the 20-year period predicted flatter adult diurnal cortisol slopes for both Black and White adults, and a lower CAR. Greater average PRD also predicted lower waking cortisol for Black, but not White adults. PRD experiences in adolescence accounted for many of these effects. When adolescent and young adult PRD are entered together predicting cortisol outcomes, PRD experiences in adolescence (but not young adulthood) significantly predicted flatter diurnal cortisol slopes for both Black and White adults. Adolescent, but not young adult PRD, also significantly predicted lower waking and lower average cortisol for Black adults. Young adult PRD was, however, a stronger predictor of the CAR, predicting a marginally lower CAR for Whites, and a significantly larger CAR for Blacks. Effects were robust to controlling for covariates including health behaviors, depression, income and parent education levels. PRD experiences interacted with parent education and income to predict aspects of the diurnal cortisol rhythm. Although these results suggest PRD influences on cortisol for both Blacks and Whites, the key findings suggest that the effects are more pervasive for Blacks, affecting multiple aspects of the cortisol diurnal rhythm. In addition, adolescence is a more sensitive developmental period than adulthood for the impacts of PRD on adult stress biology.