Predator-induced changes in morphology of a prey fish: the effects of food level and temporal frequency of predation risk
Predator-induced changes in morphology of a prey fish: the effects of food level and temporal frequency of predation risk
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DOI：
10.1007/s10682-007-9182-8
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发表时间：
2008-07-01
影响因子：
1.9
通讯作者：
Ferrari, Maud C. O.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Chivers, Douglas P.;Zhao, Xiaoxia;Ferrari, Maud C. O.
在一系列实验中，我们以金鱼（Carassius auratus）作为测试物种，研究了食物供应和风险频率对捕食者引起的被捕食鱼生长和形态变化动态的影响。在实验 1 中，我们给金鱼喂食高或低的食物配给量，并将它们暴露在同种动物的警报提示、剑尾鱼的提示或水控制中。 60天后，接受警报提示处理的金鱼的体深和体重显着增加，但与暴露于剑尾提示或水的金鱼相比，其体长较小，这可能降低了它们对张口有限的捕食者的脆弱性。重要的是，食物水平对形态变化的幅度有影响。在实验 2 中，金鱼接受两种不同频率的捕食线索或水控制 50 天。从第 51 天到第 100 天，线索要么继续，要么停止，从第 101 天到第 150 天，所有线索都恢复。我们发现，暴露于捕食线索的金鱼比暴露于水的金鱼增加其深度和重量的速度更快，特别重要的是，风险频率对变化的幅度有影响。当线索被中断时，生长速率参数的增加降低到金鱼暴露在水中的水平。然而，当线索恢复时，增长率会增加，以匹配持续暴露于线索的金鱼的生长速度。最后，我们将不同形态的金鱼与黄鲈（Perca flavescens）进行了邂逅，发现深体金鱼比浅体金鱼有更好的生存能力。这些实验说明了诱导形态防御的动态性质。
In a series of experiments, we investigated the effects of food availability and risk frequency on the dynamics of predator-induced changes in growth and morphology of prey fish using goldfish (Carassius auratus) as our test species. In experiment 1, we fed goldfish high or low food rations and exposed them to either alarm cues from conspecifics, cues from swordtails or a water control. After 60 days, goldfish in the alarm cue treatment significantly increased their body depth and body weight but had smaller body length than goldfish exposed to swordtails cues or water, likely reducing their vulnerability to gape-limited predators. Importantly, food level had an impact on the amplitude of the morphological changes. In experiment 2, goldfish were exposed to two different frequencies of predation cues or a water control for 50 days. The cues were either continued or discontinued from day 51 to 100, and all cues were resumed from day 101 to 150. We found that goldfish exposed to predation cues increased their depth and weight at a faster rate than did the goldfish exposed to water, and of particular significance was the fact that frequency of risk had an effect on the amplitude of the change. When the cues were interrupted, the increase in growth rate parameters was reduced to the level of the goldfish exposed to water. However, when the cues were resumed, the rate increased to match the growth rate of the goldfish that were continuously exposed to the cues. Finally, we staged encounters between goldfish of differing morphologies and yellow perch (Perca flavescens) and found that deep-bodied goldfish had better survival than the shallow-bodied ones. These experiments illustrate the dynamic nature of inducible morphological defences.