Mitigation of LEO Satellite Brightness and Trail Effects on the Rubin Observatory LSST
Mitigation of LEO Satellite Brightness and Trail Effects on the Rubin Observatory LSST
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DOI：
10.3847/1538-3881/abba3e
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发表时间：
2020-11-01
影响因子：
5.3
通讯作者：
Polin, Daniel
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Tyson, J. Anthony;Ivezic, Zeljko;Polin, Daniel
我们报告的研究减轻明亮的低地球轨道（LEO）卫星的光学效应对维拉C。鲁宾天文台及其遗产空间和时间调查（LSST）。其中包括指向望远镜以避开卫星的选项，鲁宾天文台LSST相机传感器上亮尾的实验室调查，校正亮尾引起的图像伪影的算法，变暗SpaceX Starlink卫星的实验以及地面跟踪观测。最初的Starlink v0.9卫星的g值与4.5 mag相似，而最初的实验“DarkSat”的g值与6.1 mag相似。未来的Starlink变暗计划可能会达到与7 mag相似的g值，这是一个亮度水平，可以实现远低于背景噪声的非线性图像伪影校正。然而，卫星轨迹仍将以类似于100的信噪比存在，产生系统误差，可能会影响数据分析并限制一些科学。对于鲁宾天文台8.4米的镜子和550公里处的卫星，由于离焦效应，尾迹的半高宽约为3“，这有助于通过降低尾迹的峰值表面亮度来避免饱和。对于48，000颗视星等为4.5的低地球轨道卫星，LSST航海曙暮光图像中大约1%的像素需要被遮蔽。
We report studies on the mitigation of optical effects of bright low-Earth-orbit (LEO) satellites on Vera C. Rubin Observatory and its Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST). These include options for pointing the telescope to avoid satellites, laboratory investigations of bright trails on the Rubin Observatory LSST camera sensors, algorithms for correcting image artifacts caused by bright trails, experiments on darkening SpaceX Starlink satellites, and ground-based follow-up observations. The original Starlink v0.9 satellites are g similar to 4.5 mag, and the initial experiment "DarkSat" is g similar to 6.1 mag. Future Starlink darkening plans may reach g similar to 7 mag, a brightness level that enables nonlinear image artifact correction to well below background noise. However, the satellite trails will still exist at a signal-to-noise ratio similar to 100, generating systematic errors that may impact data analysis and limit some science. For the Rubin Observatory 8.4 m mirror and a satellite at 550 km, the full width at half maximum of the trail is about 3 '' as the result of an out-of-focus effect, which helps avoid saturation by decreasing the peak surface brightness of the trail. For 48,000 LEOsats of apparent magnitude 4.5, about 1% of pixels in LSST nautical twilight images would need to be masked.