Geospatial Privacy and Security
Geospatial Privacy and Security
复制标题
地理空间隐私和安全
DOI：
10.5311/josis.2019.19.608
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发表时间：
2019
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Clio Andris
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Grant McKenzie;C. Kessler;Clio Andris
位置隐私多年来一直是研究主题，但最近公众的兴趣又重新兴起。这种新的兴趣是由定位设备、传感器和情境感知技术的最新进展以及物联网 (IoT) 的兴起推动的。通过这些传感器和设备生成的数据正在以前所未有的速度被收集、分析和合成。虽然大部分数据用于产品或服务的改进（例如导航技术），但许多人仍然不知道正在收集的信息、如何收集这些信息，更重要的是，如何使用这些信息。从这些个人数据中提取的信息为计算和地理空间科学的重大进步做出了贡献，例如位置推荐或健康服务。然而，这些进步往往是以降低位置隐私为代价的。从学术角度来看，地理空间隐私和安全是根植于计算机科学、地理学、社会学和心理学的重要主题，行业和学术界关于位置隐私讨论的悠久历史就证明了这一点（参见[2,3,10,1,9]）。虽然它经常在理论层面上进行讨论，但它具有超越这些学科并进入日常生活的重大社会影响。举一个及时的例子，美国政府承认滥用的可能性，正在限制对即将到来的 2020 年人口普查数据的访问，选择通过差异隐私 [4] 来保护公民信息，以阻止该数据与其他数据集融合以识别个人 [11]。在当今的数字世界中，“被遗忘权”的行使变得越来越困难。从公共领域消除个人的数字足迹几乎是不可能的。在《纽约时报》最近的一篇社论中，位置数据和情报公司 Foursquare 的首席执行官呼吁美国国会规范位置行业 [7]。欧洲的《通用数据保护条例》(GDPR) 是良好的开端，但道路漫长。公民开始收回对其私人信息的所有权，询问公司对这些信息的了解，并要求访问和删除这些数据。不过，隐私法规存在地区差异，侵犯个人数字隐私的成本也存在很大差异。访问您的个人和位置信息的大量服务通常很难跟踪，这意味着我们通常没有意识到我们的隐私何时受到侵犯。位置隐私的许多方面本质上都是独特的，空间数据科学家非常擅长引导这一讨论。虽然关于隐私主题的典型对话不可避免地会转向信用卡、银行账户或社会安全号码的保护，但保护个人的位置数据可以说更为重要。例如，我们在他人不知情的情况下无害地分享他们的个人位置。当前的技术和工具太新了，我们仍然不知道如何利用它们
Location privacy has been a topic of research for many years but has recently experienced a resurgence in public interest. This renewed interest is driven by recent advances in location-enabled devices, sensors and context-aware technology, and the rise of the Internet of Things (IoT). The data generated via these sensors and devices is being collected, analyzed, and synthesized at an unprecedented rate. While much of this data is used in the advancement of products or services (e.g., navigation technologies), many individuals remain unaware of the information that is being collected, how it is being collected, and more importantly, how it is being used. The resulting information extracted from this personal data has contributed to significant advances in the computational and geospatial sciences, e.g., location recommendations or health services. However, these advances often come at the high cost of reduced location privacy. From an academic perspective, geospatial privacy and security are crucial topics with roots in computer science, geography, sociology, and psychology, demonstrated by a long history of location privacy discussion in both industry and academia (c.f. [2, 3, 10, 1, 9]). While it is often discussed at a theoretical level, it has major societal implications that reach beyond these disciplines and into everyday life. To give a timely example, the U.S. government, acknowledging the potential for abuse, is limiting access to the data for the upcoming 2020 Census, choosing to protect citizen information via differential privacy [4] in order to impede the fusing of this data with other datasets for the purpose of identifying individuals [11]. In today’s digital world, the “right to be forgotten” is becoming increasingly difficult to exercise. It is almost impossible to remove an individual’s digital footprint from the public sphere. In a recent editorial in the New York Times, the CEO of the location data and intelligence company Foursquare called on the U.S. Congress to regulate the location industry [7]. The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) in Europe is a good first step, but the road is long. Citizens are beginning to take back ownership of their private information, asking corporations what they know about them, and requesting access to and removal of such data. There are regional variations in privacy regulations though, and the cost of violating an individual’s digital privacy varies substantially. The plethora of services accessing your personal and location information is often hard to keep track of, meaning we often do not realize when our privacy has been violated. Many aspects of location privacy are inherently unique in character, and spatial data scientists are well-versed to lead this discussion. While a typical conversation on the topic of privacy inevitably turns to the protection of credit cards, bank accounts, or social security numbers, protecting one’s location data is arguably more important. For instance, we share other’s personal locations, innocuously, without them knowing. Current technologies and tools exist that are so new that we still do not really know what to do with them