First molecular identification of a hafting adhesive in the Late Howiesons Poort at Diepkloof Rock Shelter (Western Cape, South Africa)
First molecular identification of a hafting adhesive in the Late Howiesons Poort at Diepkloof Rock Shelter (Western Cape, South Africa)
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DOI：
10.1016/j.jas.2012.12.026
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发表时间：
2013-09-01
影响因子：
2.8
通讯作者：
Texier, Pierre-Jean
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Charrie-Duhaut, Armelle;Porraz, Guillaume;Texier, Pierre-Jean
使用粘合剂来安装工具是南部非洲中石器时代的创新特征之一。这项技术具有主流影响，但仍然没有充分记录，这主要是由于不平等的有机保存和不适应的分析程序。西布杜遗址的最新结果提供了一个值得注意的例外（Lombard，2006 年；Wadley 等人，2009 年）。在 Diepkloof Rock Shelter 的挖掘工作中发现了一些石器文物，其表面分布着黑色残留物。它们的地层分布揭示了与 Howiesons Poort (HP) 的严格关联，并表明轴装粘合剂的外观与刀片和几何背衬工具的外观之间存在密切关系。宏观和微观观察证明，柄部完全是横向的，初步使用磨损分析（Igreja 和 Porraz，2013）支持了柄部工具主要集成在日常（家庭）活动中的假设。在这项研究中，我们特别关注对石英片上发现的厚黑色残留物的化学研究，该残留物可归因于 HP 的后期。我们首次在 MSA 背景下确定了复合粘合剂的性质，并重建了构成装配过程的多级操作和相互作用的图景。分子分析证明了罗汉松（黄木）的开采，其以树脂形式收集，自然干燥或低温加热，可能与碎骨和石英颗粒混合。与记录有赭石添加剂的 Sibudu 相比，Diepkloof 的悬挂技术在 HP 传统中引入了另一个层面的可变性，并表明了区域表达和适应的存在。 (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. 保留所有权利。
The hafting of tools using adhesive is one of the innovative features that characterizes the southern African Middle Stone Age. This technology has mainstream implications but remains insufficiently documented, largely due to unequal organic preservation and non-adapted analytical procedures. A notable exception is provided by the recent results from the site of Sibudu (Lombard, 2006; Wadley et al., 2009).The excavation at Diepkloof Rock Shelter has revealed several lithic artifacts with a black residue distributed over their surface. Their stratigraphic distribution reveals a strict association with the Howiesons Poort (HP) and suggests a close relationship between the appearance of hafting adhesive and the appearance of blades and geometric backed tools. Macroscopic and microscopic observations attest to a hafting that was exclusively lateralized and preliminary use-wear analysis (Igreja and Porraz, 2013) supports the hypothesis that hafted tools were mostly integrated within daily (domestic) activities.In this study, we focused specifically on a chemical study of a thick black residue found on a quartz flake attributable to the Late phase of the HP. We determine, for the first time in a MSA context, the nature of the compound adhesive and reconstruct a picture of the multilevel operations and interactions that comprise the process of hafting. The molecular analysis attests to the exploitation of Podocarpus elongatus (Yellowwood), collected in the form of a resin that was naturally dried or heated at a low temperature and possibly mixed with fragmented bone and quartz grains. Compared to Sibudu where ochre additive is documented, the hafting technology at Diepkloof introduces another level of variability within the HP tradition and suggests the existence of regional expressions and adaptations. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.