Welcome to “Circadian Immunology & Allergology”: Why timing matters in diagnosing and treating allergies
Welcome to “Circadian Immunology & Allergology”: Why timing matters in diagnosing and treating allergies
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欢迎来到“昼夜节律免疫学和过敏学”：为什么时机对于诊断和治疗过敏很重要
DOI：
10.1016/j.alit.2022.08.007
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发表时间：
2022
影响因子：
6.8
通讯作者：
Atsuhito Nakao
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Nakao Atsuhito;Nakamura Yuki;Atsuhito Nakao
在植物界和动物界，大多数活着的有机体都进化了计时系统，以优化它们的行为和生理，以适应它们有节奏的环境。由于地球的24小时自转，这种环境在白天和黑夜之间交替。计时系统，统称为“生物钟”，允许生物体适应和预测周期性的环境变化，并为他们的日常活动安排时间，以适应健康和生存。在过去的20年里，我们对组成计时时钟的基因和分子网络的理解发生了快速的演变。哺乳动物的生物钟由几个“时钟基因”的互锁转录/翻译反馈环组成，起着分子振荡器的作用，以时间的方式在我们身体的每个细胞内打开和关闭数千个基因。这些时钟是细胞自主的，但可以与日常的明暗周期和觅食周期相互作用，使它们的时间与循环的环境线索同步。值得注意的是，三位美国科学家杨博士、霍尔博士和罗斯巴什博士因其对刻画生物钟分子齿轮的贡献而获得2017年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖。重要的是，越来越多的证据表明，生物钟可能是人类行为、精神活动、新陈代谢、免疫乃至共生细菌与人类关系的最大调节系统。2生物钟的紊乱会对人类健康产生负面影响。例如，昼夜节律失调的倒班工人患肥胖症和糖尿病等代谢性疾病的风险很高。最近，夜班工作被证明与哮喘风险的增加有关。3这一知识为“昼夜医学”的新前沿奠定了基础，这对于以精确和个性化的方式管理病人是必不可少的。4对于《国际过敏学》(AI)的读者来说，最重要的发现是生物钟对免疫和过敏有巨大的影响。在本期中，我们围绕这一主题提出了三个综述。许多免疫参数，包括免疫细胞转运和对感染或过敏原的炎症反应，在生物钟的驱动下，随着一天中的时间而有节奏地振荡。5例如，哮喘患者外周血/痰中嗜酸性粒细胞数量和呼出的一氧化氮(FeNO)浓度显示出大约24小时的节律性振荡，在静止期(人类的夜间)达到高峰，在活动期(白天)达到最低点
In both the plant and animal kingdoms, most living organisms have evolved timekeeping systems to optimize their behavior and physiology to their rhythmic environment. This environment alternates between day and night due to Earth's 24-h rotation. Timekeeping systems, collectively referred to as the “circadian clock,” allow organisms to adjust to and anticipate cyclic environmental changes and to time their daily activities for fitness and survival. In the last 20 years, there has been a rapid evolution of our understanding of the genes and molecular networks making up the timekeeping clocks. The mammalian circadian clock consists of interlocking transcription/translation feedback loops of several “clock genes” and acts as a molecular oscillator, turning on and off thousands of genes in a temporal manner within each cell of our bodies. 1 The clocks are cell-autonomous, but can interact with daily lightedark and feedingefasting cycles to synchronize their time to cycling environmental cues. It is noteworthy that three US scientists, Drs. Young, Hall, and Rosbash, won the 2017 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their contributions to characterizing the molecular cogwheels of the circadian clock. Importantly, growing evidence indicates that the circadian clock is likely the largest regulatory system of human behavior, mental activity, metabolism, immunity, and even the relationship between symbiotic bacteria and humans. 2 Disturbances of the circadian clock can have a negative impact on human health. For instance, shift workers who have dysregulated circadian rhythms are at high risk for metabolic diseases such as obesity and diabetes. Most recently, working night shifts has been shown to be associated with an increased risk of asthma. 3 This knowledge provides the foundation for the new frontier of “circadian medicine” that is essential to managing patients in a precise and personalized manner. 4For the readers of Allergology International (AI), the most important finding is that the circadian clock has an enormous impact on immunity and allergy. In this issue, we present three reviews centered around this topic. Many immune parametersd including immune cell trafficking and the inflammatory response to infection or allergensd oscillate rhythmically with the time of day, driven by the circadian clock. 5 For example, peripheral blood/sputum eosinophil numbers and fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) concentrations show approximately 24-h rhythmic oscillations in patients with asthma, with a peak during the resting phase (nighttime for humans) and a nadir during the active phase (daytime for