Biologically based pesticide dose estimates for children in an agricultural community
Biologically based pesticide dose estimates for children in an agricultural community
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DOI：
10.2307/3454612
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发表时间：
2000-06-01
影响因子：
10.4
通讯作者：
Keifer, MC
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Fenske, RA;Kissel, JC;Keifer, MC
美国目前的农药健康风险评估要求在设定食品耐受性的情况下，对累积暴露和累积风险进行表征。生物监测可以汇总所有来源和途径的接触情况，并可以将化学品的接触情况与共同的作用机制结合起来。最近一项关于华盛顿州一个农业社区109名儿童接触有机磷农药的研究证明了其价值;其中91名儿童的父母从事农业工作。我们估计个人OP农药剂量尿代谢物浓度与确定性稳态模型，并将其毒理学参考值。我们通过假设代谢物完全归因于甲基噻嗪酮或二甲双胍（该地区最常用的两种有机磷农药）来评估剂量。在6至8周的喷洒季节，肌酐调整的平均剂量估计值为0至36微克/公斤/天。对于父母从事农业工作的儿童，无论是果园施药员还是田间工作人员，喷洒季节估计的剂量中有56%超过了美国环境保护署（EPA）的慢性膳食参考剂量，19%超过了世界卫生组织可接受的每日摄入量。父母不从事农业的儿童的相应数值分别为44%和22%。超过氯硝苯甲烷相关参考值的儿童百分比要低得多（< 10%）。单日剂量估计值范围为0至72微克/千克/天，其中26%超过了美国环保署对甲基噻嗪的急性参考剂量。我们还通过调整每日总尿量生成了剂量估计值，这些估计值始终高于肌酐调整后的估计值。这些化合物的剂量估计值均未超过根据经验得出的无明显不良作用水平。该研究是在一个农业地区进行的，当时正在积极喷洒，因此，不应将这一人群的剂量估计数视为代表一般人群的接触量。研究结果表明，生活在农业地区的儿童是公共卫生评估的一个重要亚群，他们的暴露属于监管关注的范围。它们还表明，基于生物学的接触措施可以为这些人群的健康风险评估提供数据。
Current pesticide health risk assessments in the United States require the characterization of aggregate exposure and cumulative risk in the setting of food tolerances. Biologic monitoring can aggregate exposures from all sources and routes, and can integrate exposures for chemicals with a common mechanism of action. Its value was demonstrated in a recent study of organophosphorus (OP) pesticide exposure among 109 children in an agricultural community in Washington State; 91 of the children had parents working in agriculture. We estimated individual OP pesticide doses from urinary metabolite concentrations with a deterministic steady state model, and compared them to toxicologic reference values. We evaluated doses by assuming that metabolites were attributable entirely to either azinphos-methyl or phosmet, the two OP pesticides used most frequently in the region. Creatinine-adjusted average dose estimates during the 6- to 8-week spraying season ranged from 0 to 36 mu g/kg/day. For children whose parents worked in agriculture as either orchard applicators or as fieldworkers, 56% of the doses estimated for the spray season exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) chronic dietary reference dose, and 19% exceeded the World Health Organization acceptable daily intake values for azinphos-methyl. The corresponding values for children whose parents did not work in agriculture were 44 and 22%, respectively. The percentage of children exceeding the relevant reference values for phosmet was substantially lower (< 10%). Single-day dose estimates ranged from 0 to 72 mu g/kg/day, and 26% of these exceeded the EPA acute reference dose for azinphos-methyl. We also generated dose estimates by adjustment for total daily urine volume, and these estimates were consistently higher than the creatinine-adjusted estimates. None of the dose estimates exceeded the empirically derived no-observable-adverse-effect levels for these compounds. The study took place in an agricultural region during a period of active spraying, so the dose estimates for this population should not be considered representative of exposures in the general population. The findings indicate that children living in agricultural regions represent an important subpopulation for public health evaluation, and that their exposures fall within a range of regulatory concern. They also demonstrate that biologically based exposure measures can provide data for heath risk evaluations in such populations.