The evolution of punishment through reputation
The evolution of punishment through reputation
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DOI：
10.1098/rspb.2010.1275
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发表时间：
2011-02-07
影响因子：
4.7
通讯作者：
Wedekind, Claus
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
dos Santos, Miguel;Rankin, Daniel J.;Wedekind, Claus
通过对不合作者的惩罚来促进合作。这种惩罚是一个进化难题，因为它对惩罚者来说代价高昂，但对他人却有利，例如通过增加社会凝聚力。最近的研究得出的结论是，惩罚策略的回报通常低于某些非惩罚策略。这些发现表明，惩罚不可能直接演变为促进合作。然而，虽然众所周知，声誉在人类合作中发挥着关键作用，但作为惩罚者的声誉所带来的简单威胁可能尚未得到充分探讨，以解释代价高昂的惩罚的演变。在这里，我们首先分析表明，如果惩罚影响一个人的声誉，从而使惩罚者更有可能在未来的互动中获得帮助，那么它可以带来长期利益。然后，在计算机模拟中，我们整合了多达 40 种更复杂的策略，这些策略使用不同类型的声誉（例如来自慷慨的行为），或者不仅包括针对叛逃者的惩罚行为，还包括针对合作者的惩罚行为。我们的研究结果表明，惩罚可以通过简单的声誉系统直接演变。我们得出的结论是，声誉对于惩罚的演变至关重要，它使惩罚者更有可能在未来的互动中获得帮助，并且研究惩罚对人类有益影响的实验应该将声誉作为一个明确的特征。
Punishment of non-cooperators has been observed to promote cooperation. Such punishment is an evolutionary puzzle because it is costly to the punisher while beneficial to others, for example, through increased social cohesion. Recent studies have concluded that punishing strategies usually pay less than some non-punishing strategies. These findings suggest that punishment could not have directly evolved to promote cooperation. However, while it is well established that reputation plays a key role in human cooperation, the simple threat from a reputation of being a punisher may not have been sufficiently explored yet in order to explain the evolution of costly punishment. Here, we first show analytically that punishment can lead to long-term benefits if it influences one's reputation and thereby makes the punisher more likely to receive help in future interactions. Then, in computer simulations, we incorporate up to 40 more complex strategies that use different kinds of reputations (e. g. from generous actions), or strategies that not only include punitive behaviours directed towards defectors but also towards cooperators for example. Our findings demonstrate that punishment can directly evolve through a simple reputation system. We conclude that reputation is crucial for the evolution of punishment by making a punisher more likely to receive help in future interactions, and that experiments investigating the beneficial effects of punishment in humans should include reputation as an explicit feature.