THE DUNNING-KRUGER EFFECT: ON BEING IGNORANT OF ONE'S OWN IGNORANCE
THE DUNNING-KRUGER EFFECT: ON BEING IGNORANT OF ONE'S OWN IGNORANCE
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DOI：
10.1016/b978-0-12-385522-0.00005-6
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发表时间：
2011-01-01
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影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Dunning, David
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作者：
Dunning, David
在这一章中，我提供了论据和证据，证明人们的无知范围往往是不可见的。这种元无知（或无知的无知）的出现是因为缺乏专业知识和知识往往隐藏在“未知的未知”领域，或者被错误的信念和背景知识所掩盖，这些信念和背景知识似乎只足以得出正确的答案。作为元无知的经验证据，我描述了邓宁-克鲁格效应，在许多社会和知识领域的表现不佳者似乎基本上没有意识到他们的专业知识是多么的不足。他们的缺陷给他们带来了双重负担不仅他们不完整和误导的知识导致他们犯错误，而且这些完全相同的缺陷也阻止他们认识到自己正在犯错误和其他人更明智的选择。我讨论了理论上的争议，这种效果的解释，并描述了如何自我评价错误的表现不佳和最好的不同。我还提出了一个令人烦恼的问题：如果对能力的自我感知经常与事实不符，那么人们使用什么线索来确定他们的结论是正确的还是错误的？
In this chapter, I provide argument and evidence that the scope of people's ignorance is often invisible to them. This meta-ignorance (or ignorance of ignorance) arises because lack of expertise and knowledge often hides in the realm of the "unknown unknowns" or is disguised by erroneous beliefs and background knowledge that only appear to be sufficient to conclude a right answer. As empirical evidence of meta-ignorance, I describe the Dunning-Kruger effect, in which poor performers in many social and intellectual domains seem largely unaware of just how deficient their expertise is. Their deficits leave them with a double burden-not only does their incomplete and misguided knowledge lead them to make mistakes but those exact same deficits also prevent them from recognizing when they are making mistakes and other people choosing more wisely. I discuss theoretical controversies over the interpretation of this effect and describe how the self-evaluation errors of poor and top performers differ. I also address a vexing question: If self-perceptions of competence so often vary from the truth, what cues are people using to determine whether their conclusions are sound or faulty?