The control of optic flow during learning flights
The control of optic flow during learning flights
复制标题
学习飞行过程中光流的控制
DOI：
10.1007/s003590050024
复制
发表时间：
1996
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
J. Zeil
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
J. Zeil
膜翅目昆虫在离开巢时进行系统的学习飞行，在此期间它们获得对巢环境的视觉表现。它们从鸟巢后退，并以一系列弧形绕巢旋转，同时转过身来在它们的前侧视野中观察它。在飞行的初始阶段，转弯速度和相对于巢的弧速在100200°S−1范围内大致恒定，与距离无关，因为昆虫在远离枢转中心时会提高飞行速度。在这篇文章中，我分析了独居黄蜂是如何通过让它们在旋转的条纹鼓内进行学习飞行来控制它们的飞行的。当昆虫在以巢为中心旋转的鼓内飞行时，当它们向鼓旋转的方向飞行时，它们的平均旋转速度比正常情况下快，而当它们飞向相反的方向时，它们的平均旋转速度要慢。黄蜂经历的平均滑移速度在100200°S−1。黄蜂还根据鼓的旋转调整飞行速度。它们相应地调节它们与枢转中心的距离，可能还调节它们离地面的高度，因此最大地面滑移平均为200o␣S−1。昆虫通过短脉冲的平移沿弧形移动，然后快速身体转弯，以校正巢入口处视网膜位置的变化。跳跃的身体转身跟随平移的脉冲，延迟80-120ms。旋转飞行的控制很可能涉及三个位置伺服系统和两个速度伺服系统，一个构成视觉运动反射，另一个用于将地面滑移夹在S−1左右。地面滑移的控制是学习飞行动态稳定性的主要来源，这可能有助于黄蜂扩大它们在飞行过程中产生的旋转视差场。此外，恒定的旋转速度对于获取规则的快照序列和扫描指南针线索可能非常重要。
Hymenopteran insects perform systematic learning flights on departure from their nest, during which they acquire a visual representation of the nest environment. They back away from and pivot around the nest in a series of arcs while turning to view it in their fronto-lateral visual field. During the initial stages of the flights, turning rate and arc velocity relative to the nest are roughly constant at 100–200° s−1 and are independent of distance, since the insects increase their flight speed as they back away from the pivoting centre. In this paper I analyse how solitary wasps control their flight by having them perform learning flights inside a rotating striped drum.The wasps' turning velocity is under visual control. When the insects fly inside a drum that rotates around the nest as a centre, their average turning rate is faster than normal when they fly an arc into the direction of drum rotation and slower when they fly in the opposite direction. The average slip speed they experience lies within 100–200° s−1. The wasps also adjust their flight speed depending on the rotation of the drum. They modulate their distance from the pivoting centre accordingly and presumably also their height above ground, so that maximal ground slip is on average 200°␣s−1. The insects move along arcs by short pulses of translation, followed by rapid body turns to correct for the change in retinal position of the nest entrance. Saccadic body turns follow pulses of translation with a delay of 80–120 ms. The optomotor response is active during these turns.The control of pivoting flight most likely involves three position servos, to control the retinal position of both the azimuth and the altitude of nest and the direction of flight relative to it, and two velocity servos, one constituting the optomotor reflex and the other one serving to clamp ground slip at about 200° s−1. The control of ground slip is the prime source of the dynamic constancy of learning flights, which may help wasps to scale the pivoting parallax field they produce during these flights. Constant pivoting rate may in addition be important for the acquisition of a regular sequence of snapshots and in scanning for compass cues.