TERRITORIALITY AND CHANGES IN RESOURCE USE BY SUNBIRDS AT LEONOTIS-LEONURUS (LABIATAE)
TERRITORIALITY AND CHANGES IN RESOURCE USE BY SUNBIRDS AT LEONOTIS-LEONURUS (LABIATAE)
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DOI：
10.1007/bf00346715
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发表时间：
1980-01-01
期刊：
影响因子：
2.7
通讯作者：
FROST, PGH
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
FROST, SK;FROST, PGH
对益母草进行了研究，以表征花蜜的质量和数量，并监测太阳鸟对资源的反应。这些花产生少量、高质量的花蜜。白天花蜜质量保持恒定，平均蔗糖当量为 23.4%（能量含量为 3.8 J/μl）。早晨，当流速达到 3.3 μl/h 的峰值时，花蜜产量最高。 L. leonurus 被 4 种访问。太阳鸟 [Nectarinia olivacea、N. veroxii、N. talatala 和 Anthreptes colonis]。 1977 年，每小时赏花人数为 7.8 人次。该丛由一只橄榄太阳鸟（N. olivacea）保卫，它在种内和种间保护花朵。有一天，领地鸟从 Leonotis 花中获得了大约 57.1 kJ，并在防御上消耗了 5.4 kJ，在领土上总共消耗了 13.6 kJ。领地行为和入侵者压力是资源可用性的函数。当莱昂诺提斯花蜜水平较高时，入侵者压力很大，这种领地鸟会采用长时间的追逐作为防御行为。当花蜜水平降低时，入侵者的压力较低，领地鸟类的追逐就会减少，并使用发声作为一种相对廉价的领地行为形式。 1978年，由于旱季到来较晚，研究区的蜜源丰富。太阳鸟在莱奥诺蒂斯没有领地意识，访问率低于 1977 年，平均每小时只有 1.7 次访问。相反，太阳鸟专注于同时开花的植物物种，特别是Halleria lucida。
L. leonurus was studied to characterize nectar quality and quantity and to monitor the sunbirds'' response to the resource. The flowers produced high quality nectar in low quantities. Nectar quality remained constant during the day and averaged 23.4% sucrose equivalents (an energy content of 3.8 J/.mu.l). Nectar production was highest during the morning when flow rates reached a peak of 3.3 .mu.l/h. L. leonurus was visited by 4 spp. of sunbirds [Nectarinia olivacea, N. veroxii, N. talatala and Anthreptes collaris]. In 1977 there were 7.8 visits/h to the flowers. The clump was defended by a single olive sunbird (N. olivacea) who defended the flowers intra- and interspecifically. On one day the territorial bird obtained approximately 57.1 kJ from the Leonotis flowers and expended 5.4 kJ on defense and 13.6 kJ overall while on the territory. Territorial behavior and intruder pressure was a function of resource availability. When Leonotis nectar levels were high intruder pressure was intense and the territorial bird employed long chases as a defence behavior. When nectar levels lecreased intruder pressure was lower, the territorial bird chased less and employed vocalizations as a relatively inexpensive form of territorial behavior. In 1978 there was an abundance of nectar sources in the study area due to the late onset of the dry season. Sunbirds were not territorial at Leonotis and visiting rates were lower than in 1977, averaging only 1.7 visits/h. Instead the sunbirds concentrated on contemporaneously flowering plant species, particularly Halleria lucida.