The Nature and Causes of Dyslexia in Different Languages
The Nature and Causes of Dyslexia in Different Languages
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DOI：
10.1002/9780470757642.ch18
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发表时间：
2005-01-01
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影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Caravolas, Marketa
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Caravolas, Marketa
发展性阅读障碍现在是许多识字社会公认的障碍。在其网站上，国际诵读困难协会在各大洲和多达40个国家拥有附属分支机构。然而，迄今为止，关于英语阅读障碍的科学研究报告比任何其他语言都多。因此，对于英语以外的语言中阅读障碍的存在、表现和原因仍然存在许多误解也就不足为奇了。例如，一个普遍的外行人认为，诵读困难在英语的使用者/读者中更常见，因为“混乱”的英语拼写法很难学习;相反，诵读困难被认为在“简单的语音”拼写法中几乎不存在，如芬兰语和西班牙语。同样，关于中文，一个普遍的看法是，它的意符文字需要死记硬背成千上万的图画状字符，因此，在英文中观察到的那种阅读困难在中国读者中肯定不存在。幸运的是，情况正在发生变化，阅读障碍现在正在研究各种语言（见Goulandris，2003）。越来越清楚的是，尽管许多关于阅读障碍的外行观点是不准确的，但它们反映了对一个重要事实的直观理解，即阅读和写作技能受到不同书写系统特征的影响（参见弗罗斯特、汉利、和Treiman & Kessler本卷进一步讨论这一点）本章探讨这些影响如何影响阅读障碍在不同语言中的表现。更具体地说，审查目前已知的阅读障碍在各种非英语语言和书写系统方面的两个主要问题。第一个是如何写的各种特点
Developmental dyslexia is now a recognized disorder in many literate societies. On its website, the International Dyslexia Association boasts affiliated branches on every continent and in as many as 40 countries. Yet to date, far more scientific research has been reported about dyslexia in English than in any other language. It is therefore not surprising that many misconceptions still exist about the very existence, the manifestation, and the causes of dyslexia in languages other than English. For example, a common lay belief is that dyslexia is more common among speakers/readers of English because the ‘chaotic’English orthography is difficult to learn; in contrast, dyslexia is thought to be virtually nonexistent in ‘easy phonetic’orthographies such as Finnish and Spanish. Similarly, a popular belief about Chinese is that its logographic script requires rote memorization of thousands of picture-like characters and therefore reading difficulties of the sort observed in English must not exist among Chinese readers. Fortunately, the situation is changing and dyslexia is now being studied in a large variety of languages (see Goulandris, 2003). It is becoming clear that, although many of the lay ideas about dyslexia are inaccurate, they nevertheless reflect an intuitive understanding of one important fact, namely that reading and writing skills are influenced by the characteristics of different writing systems (see chapters by Frost, Hanley, and Treiman & Kessler this volume for further discussion of this).This chapter considers how such influences affect the manifestation of dyslexia in different languages. More specifically, a review is presented of what is currently known about dyslexia in various non-English languages and writing systems with respect to two main issues. The first is how various characteristics of written