Resilient dwellings or resilient people? Towards people-centred reconstruction
Resilient dwellings or resilient people? Towards people-centred reconstruction
复制标题
有弹性的住宅还是有弹性的人？
DOI：
10.1080/17477891.2011.598497
复制
发表时间：
2011
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Michael Lyons
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
T. Schilderman;Michael Lyons
我们对10个国家灾后重建的审查显示了目前主要方法的一些弱点，例如捐助者驱动的重建和所有者驱动的重建。它们往往是自上而下的和排他性的，侧重于拥有现有土地和住房所有权的人，而未能触及边缘人群，特别是在城市地区。由于他们的目标是更安全的住所，他们很少解决S潜在的漏洞。本文认为，以人为中心的包容性和参与性重建应是灾后住房和生计的核心。重建方案需要提高人们对未来风险的适应能力。这不仅需要让他们的建筑更安全，还需要让人们更有能力适应风险。至于住房，许多机构认为重建更好，因为重建的房屋比灾难前的类型更安全。对质量的关注导致他们制定高标准，聘请建筑师和工程师来设计，并使用承包商来建造。最终产品往往不合适，难以维护，而且复制成本太高。灾害后的损失评估通常指向表现比其他技术好得多的传统技术，如木架。只要解决了任何弱点，就可以将它们纳入重建战略，因为它们是当地居民和建筑商所熟知的，而且主要使用当地资源，它们需要的支持较少，因此它们更便宜、更快。然而，减少人们的脆弱性需要的不仅仅是更好的住房；方案还需要重建人民的生计、恢复当地市场和社会网络。为加强应对能力，幸存者应在决策和资源管理方面发挥关键作用。40年前，约翰·特纳得出结论，住房过程与其最终产品一样重要，因为它赋予人们权力。重建也不例外：以人为本赋予他们权力，增强他们的能力和韧性。
Our review of post-disaster reconstruction in 10 countries has demonstrated some of the weaknesses in currently dominant approaches, e.g. donor-driven reconstruction and owner-driven reconstruction. They have often been top-down and exclusionary, focusing on people with existing title to land and housing, and failing to reach the marginalized, especially in urban areas. Since they aim for safer dwellings, they rarely tackle people s underlying vulnerabilities. This paper argues that an inclusive and participatory approach, people-centred reconstruction, should be central to housing and livelihoods after disasters. Reconstruction programmes need to make people more resilient to future risks. That requires not just making their buildings safer, but also making people more capable to adapt to risk. As to housing, many agencies interpret building back is better, as reconstructed houses are safer than pre-disaster types. That concern for quality leads them to set high standards, engage architects and engineers to produce designs, and use contractors to construct. The end product is often inappropriate, difficult to maintain and too expensive to replicate. Damage assessments after disasters often point at vernacular technologies such as timber frames that have performed much better than others. Provided if any weaknesses are addressed, they can be incorporated in reconstruction strategeies because they are well known to local residents and builders and use mainly local resources, they require less support, thus they are cheaper and quicker. The reduction of people's vulnerabilities, however, requires more than better housing; programmes also need to rebuild people's livelihoods, restore local markets and social networks. To strengthen their capabilities to cope, survivors should play key roles in decision-making and resource management. Forty years ago, John Turner concluded that the process of housing matters as much as its end product, as it empowers people. Reconstruction is not different: putting people at its centre empowers them and strengthens their capabilities and resilience.