Racial coastal formation: The environmental injustice of colorblind adaptation planning for sea-level rise
Racial coastal formation: The environmental injustice of colorblind adaptation planning for sea-level rise
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DOI：
10.1016/j.geoforum.2017.10.005
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发表时间：
2017-12-01
期刊：
影响因子：
3.5
通讯作者：
Heynen, Nik
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Hardy, R. Dean;Milligan, Richard A.;Heynen, Nik
美国深刻的种族主义历史目前在当代关于减轻脆弱性和适应海平面上升的非政治性叙述的表面之下运作。随着社区、监管机构和政策制定者为海平面上升制定计划，重要的是要认识到塑造沿海地区社会生态形态的种族景观和种族主义的深刻历史。如果这段历史得不到承认，我们所称的色盲适应规划很可能会延续罗布尼克松所说的环境种族主义的“缓慢暴力”，其特征是政策使一些人口受益，而放弃其他人。通过色盲适应规划，我们指的是脆弱性缓解和适应规划项目，完全忽视种族不平等或更糟的是，忽视其系统性原因，并通过将种族差异归因于非种族原因来解释种族不平等。我们认为，应对海平面上升的措施必须与种族差异和种族不平等结构相协调。在这篇文章中，我们将联合收割机的种族形成理论与地理研究的环境正义和点的方式种族形成也是环境。我们研究脆弱性海平面上升通过种族海岸形成的过程中，格鲁吉亚，萨佩洛岛，具体分析其深厚的历史，土地所有权和就业的不平衡的种族发展，非洲裔美国人参与和纳入适应规划的障碍。种族海岸形成的潜力使得气候变化科学的根本转变，不仅在沿海地区，但其他空间作为位于领土种族形成的方式。
The United States' deeply racialized history currently operates below the surface of contemporary apolitical narratives on vulnerability mitigation and adaptation to sea-level rise. As communities, regulatory agencies, and policy-makers plan for rising seas, it is important to recognize the landscapes of race and deep histories of racism that have shaped the socio-ecological formations of coastal regions. If this history goes unrecognized, what we label colorblind adaptation planning is likely to perpetuate what Rob Nixon calls the "slow violence" of environmental racism, characterized by policies that benefit some populations while abandoning others. By colorblind adaptation planning, we refer to vulnerability mitigation and adaptation planning projects that altogether overlook racial inequality or worse dismiss its systemic causes and explain away racial inequality by attributing racial disparities to non-racial causes. We contend that responses to sea-level rise must be attuned to racial difference and structures of racial inequality. In this article, we combine the theory of racial formation with the geographical study of environmental justice and point to the ways racial formations are also environmental. We examine vulnerability to sea-level rise through the process of racial coastal formation on Sapelo Island, Georgia, specifically analyzing its deep history, the uneven racial development of land ownership and employment, and barriers to African American participation and inclusion in adaptation planning. Racial coastal formation's potential makes way for radical transformation in climate change science not only in coastal areas, but other spaces as situated territorial racial formations.