Monitoring of Microalgal Processes
Monitoring of Microalgal Processes
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DOI：
10.1007/10_2015_328
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发表时间：
2016-01-01
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影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Reardon, Kenneth F.
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文献类型：
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作者：
Havlik, Ivo;Scheper, Thomas;Reardon, Kenneth F.
过程监控可以定义为以尽可能小的延迟测量过程变量，它与过程模型相结合，形成成功的过程控制的基础。最小化测量延迟不可避免地导致在可能的情况下使用在线原位传感器，最好使用具有稳定，低成本传感器的非侵入性测量方法。微藻过程与传统生物过程有相似之处，但也有独特的监测要求。一般来说，微藻过程中需要监测的变量可以分为物理、化学和生物三大类，它们可以在气态、液态和固体（生物）相中进行测量。物理和化学过程变量通常可以使用标准工业传感器在线监测。然而，生物过程变量的监测主要依赖于使用实验室规模系统开发和验证的传感器或使用离线方法，因为开发合适的在线传感器存在困难。本文综述了目前微藻培养各类工艺参数的在线、原位监测技术，重点介绍了生物参数的监测。我们讨论了新引入的测量生物参数的方法，这些方法可能适用于常规在线使用，最好是非侵入性的，并且基于在其他生物过程中已被证明的方法。本文还讨论了利用光学方法或离子特异性场效应晶体管（ISFET）传感器测量物理化学参数的新型传感器。回顾了在线实现或在线潜力的方法，包括测量辐照度，光密度和图像分析的生物量浓度，细胞计数，叶绿素荧光，生长速率，红外分光光度法的脂质浓度，介电散射和核磁共振。讨论了未来的前景，特别是在使用原位显微镜，红外分光光度法和软件传感器系统的图像分析领域。
Process monitoring, which can be defined as the measurement of process variables with the smallest possible delay, is combined with process models to form the basis for successful process control. Minimizing the measurement delay leads inevitably to employing online, in situ sensors where possible, preferably using noninvasive measurement methods with stable, low-cost sensors. Microalgal processes have similarities to traditional bioprocesses but also have unique monitoring requirements. In general, variables to be monitored in microalgal processes can be categorized as physical, chemical, and biological, and they are measured in gaseous, liquid, and solid (biological) phases. Physical and chemical process variables can be usually monitored online using standard industrial sensors. The monitoring of biological process variables, however, relies mostly on sensors developed and validated using laboratory-scale systems or uses offline methods because of difficulties in developing suitable online sensors. Here, we review current technologies for online, in situ monitoring of all types of process parameters of microalgal cultivations, with a focus on monitoring of biological parameters. We discuss newly introduced methods for measuring biological parameters that could be possibly adapted for routine online use, should be preferably noninvasive, and are based on approaches that have been proven in other bioprocesses. New sensor types for measuring physicochemical parameters using optical methods or ion-specific field effect transistor (ISFET) sensors are also discussed. Reviewed methods with online implementation or online potential include measurement of irradiance, biomass concentration by optical density and image analysis, cell count, chlorophyll fluorescence, growth rate, lipid concentration by infrared spectrophotometry, dielectric scattering, and nuclear magnetic resonance. Future perspectives are discussed, especially in the field of image analysis using in situ microscopy, infrared spectrophotometry, and software sensor systems.