Indelible distrust: memory bias toward cheaters revealed as high persistence against extinction.
Indelible distrust: memory bias toward cheaters revealed as high persistence against extinction.
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DOI：
10.1037/a0033335
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发表时间：
2013-11
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影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Atsunobu Suzuki;Yoshiko Honma;Sayaka Suga
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文献类型：
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作者：
Atsunobu Suzuki;Yoshiko Honma;Sayaka Suga
我们了解他人声誉的能力，也就是说，谁可能合作，谁可能欺骗，这对社会的合作性有很大的贡献。最近有一个争论，人类是否使用有利于作弊者的记忆偏见（即，存在用于检测作弊者的进化模块）或者是否不存在这种偏差（即，声誉学习由上下文因素灵活地调节）。我们报告了3个实验，通过比较关于作弊者和合作者的记忆之间的持久性与防御性来解决这个问题，防御性是一种可靠的准备恐惧学习的衡量标准（Öhman & Mineka，2001）。在所有的实验中，参与者都学会了将不熟悉的人分为合作者或欺骗者，然后，他们被指示忽略这些学习到的联想，并被告知他们是被任意决定的，这模拟了恐惧条件反射范式中的言语灭绝程序（Hugdahl & Ohman，1977）。结果表明，虽然学习后感知的可信度的变化调制的上下文因素（外观的面部刺激），学习的持久性表现出骗子的优势：作弊者仍然被认为是不值得信赖的更大程度上比合作者值得信赖的灭绝期。因此，在人类声誉学习中存在欺骗者偏向，其近端和最终机制值得进一步研究。
Our ability to learn about the reputations of others-that is, who is likely to cooperate versus cheat-contributes greatly to cooperativeness in society. There has been recent debate whether humans employ memory bias favoring cheaters (i.e., there is an evolved module for the detection of cheaters) or whether no such bias exists (i.e., reputation learning is flexibly modulated by contextual factors). We report 3 experiments that address this issue by comparing persistence against extinction-which is a reliable measure of prepared fear learning (Öhman & Mineka, 2001)-between memories regarding cheaters and cooperators. In all experiments, participants learned to classify unfamiliar persons as either cooperators or cheaters, and, then, they were instructed to disregard those learned associations and told that they had been determined arbitrarily, which simulated a verbal extinction procedure in the fear conditioning paradigm (Hugdahl & Öhman, 1977). The results indicated that while postlearning changes in perceived trustworthiness were modulated by a contextual factor (appearance of the facial stimulus), the persistence of learning exhibited a cheater advantage: Cheaters remained perceived as untrustworthy to a greater extent than cooperators as trustworthy at the extinction period. Thus, there exists a cheater bias in human reputation learning, the proximate and ultimate mechanisms of which warrant further study.