WHETHER OR NOT TO DEFEND - THE INFLUENCE OF RESOURCE DISTRIBUTION
WHETHER OR NOT TO DEFEND - THE INFLUENCE OF RESOURCE DISTRIBUTION
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DOI：
10.1080/10236249309378862
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发表时间：
1993-01-01
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
GRANT, JWA
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
GRANT, JWA
动物在争夺资源时往往具有攻击性（参见Huntingford and Turner, 1987; Archer, 1988）。杰拉姆•布朗（Jerram Brown）（1964年）的经济防御概念彻底改变了我们对这一现象的理解。根据他的模型，只有当收益超过防御成本，或者防御的净收益超过其他策略（如争夺资源）的净收益时，动物才会保护资源。少数几项对国防的收益和成本都进行了测量的研究支持了这一理论（如Gill and Wolf, 1975; Carpenter and MacMillen, 1976; Davies and Houston, 1981; Ewald, 1985）。经济防御的概念现在是行为生态学的统一原则，也是空间（如Brown和Orians， 1970）、交配（如Emlen和Oring， 1977）和社会（如Lott， 1991）系统进化理论的基本组成部分。Brown（1964）认识到是否防卫的决定受到竞争者密度、资源密度和资源在空间和时间上的分布的影响。行为生态学家面临的挑战是预测侵略将被用来获取资源的生态条件。本文的目的是回顾当前的理论，并对资源分配如何影响防御决策的证据进行选择性回顾。只要有可能，我将使用鱼类文献中的例子来探索这种联系。
Animals are often aggressive when competing for resources (for reviews see Huntingford and Turner, 1987; Archer, 1988). Our understanding of this phenomenon was revolutionized by Jerram Brown's (1964) concept of economic defendability. According to his model, animals will only defend resources when the benefits exceed the costs of defence or when the net benefits of defence exceed the net benefits of alternative tactics such as scrambling for the resource. The few studies that have measured both the benefits and costs of defence have supported the theory (eg Gill and Wolf, 1975; Carpenter and MacMillen, 1976; Davies and Houston, 1981; Ewald, 1985). The concept of economic defendability is now a unifying principle of behavioural ecology and a fundamental part of the theories of how spacing (eg Brown and Orians, 1970), mating (eg Emlen and Oring, 1977) and social (eg Lott, 1991) systems evolve. Brown (1964) recognized that the decision of whether or not to defend is influenced by competitor density, resource density and resource distribution in space and time. The challenge for behavioural ecologists is to predict the ecological conditions in which aggression will be used to acquire resources. The purpose of this paper is to review the current theory and to provide a selective review of the evidence about how resource distribution influences the decision to defend or not. Whenever possible, I will use examples from the fish literature to explore this link.