Built Environment and Infrastructure Monitoring, Assessment, and Maintenance
Built Environment and Infrastructure Monitoring, Assessment, and Maintenance
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建筑环境和基础设施监测、评估和维护
DOI：
10.1061/9780784482445.024
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发表时间：
2019
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Pynadath, David V.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Zhu, Runhe;Becerik-Gerber, Burcin;Lucas, Gale;Southers, Erroll;Pynadath, David V.
枪击事件对公共安全和人类生命造成越来越大的美国国土安全威胁。一些市政执法机构已经发布了建筑设计指南，旨在增强对潜在攻击的抵御能力和抵抗力。然而，这些设计建议主要针对恐怖袭击，优先考虑增强建筑安全，而在枪击事件期间它们对安全的影响以及影响结果（响应性能）的相应人机交互（HBI）仍不清楚。为了弥补这一研究空白，虚拟现实能够操纵环境变量和场景，同时提供安全的非侵入性环境，可能成为在枪击事件背景下进行人体研究的一种有前景的方法。在本文中，我们确定了开发代表建筑物中主动枪击事件的虚拟环境的要求，以研究 HBI 及其对响应性能的影响。考虑并提出了构成虚拟环境的关键组件。其中包括：（1）应在虚拟环境中对哪些类型的建筑物进行建模； (2) 如何针对枪击事件选择防护建筑设计建议并在虚拟环境中对其进行建模； （3）应该对哪些类型的对手和人群行为进行建模； (4) 虚拟环境中应包含参与者、建筑物、对手和人群之间的哪些类型的交互。对上述关键组成部分的研究结果进行了总结，为未来的研究方向提供建议。
Active shooter incidents present an increasing American homeland security threat to public safety and human life. Several municipal law enforcement agencies have released building design guidelines intended to offer increased resilience and resistance to potential attacks. However, these design recommendations mainly focus on terrorist attacks, prioritizing the enhancement of building security, whereas their impact on safety during active shooter incidents, and corresponding human-building interactions (HBIs) that influence the outcomes (response performance), remain unclear. To respond to this research gap, virtual reality, with its ability to manipulate environmental variables and scenarios while providing safe non-invasive environments, could be a promising method to conduct human-subject studies in the context of active shooter incidents. In this paper, we identify the requirements for developing virtual environments that represent active shooter incidents in buildings to study HBIs and their impacts on the response performance. Key components constituting virtual environments were considered and presented. These include: (1) what types of buildings should be modeled in virtual environments; (2) how to select protective building design recommendations for active shooter incidents and model them in virtual environments; (3) what types of adversary and crowd behavior should be modeled; and (4) what types of interactions among participants, buildings, adversaries, and crowds should be included in virtual environments. Findings on the above key components were summarized to provide recommendations for future research directions.