Female employment in Dhaka, Bangladesh: participation, perceptions and pressures
Female employment in Dhaka, Bangladesh: participation, perceptions and pressures
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DOI：
10.1177/0956247813477357
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发表时间：
2013-04-01
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
Banks, Nicola
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Banks, Nicola
随着城市化改变了孟加拉国的贫穷面貌，城市环境中普遍存在的不安全感迫使低收入家庭采用新的劳动力动员战略，挑战传统的父权意识形态，并在此过程中挑战性别动态。研究揭示了男性户主在满足经济和社会优先事项方面面临的复杂平衡。虽然大多数家庭依靠调动妇女劳动力作为短期生存手段，但这是以取代家庭进步的长期目标为代价的，因为地位、声望和社交网络取决于是否有能力维护禁止妇女工作的父权制规范。虽然大多数男子坚持重男轻女的观念-认为动员妇女劳动是"必要的罪恶"，有损家庭荣誉和威望，威胁男子气概-但妇女认识到她们的工作的重要性以及她们对收入的贡献的中心地位。这些对立的观点造成家庭内部的紧张关系，使妇女在管理家庭、工作和婚姻关系之间面临复杂的平衡。妻子的劳动往往被视为对男性主导地位和权威的威胁，并可能导致户主的各种负面行为，包括减少工作时间和收入贡献或娶第二个妻子。一个明显的矛盾现象是，男子意识到这些消极趋势，但不把它们与自己的婚姻问题联系起来，而是指责妻子"不听话"。这可能是父权制社会规范持续存在的原因之一，这种规范不赞成让已婚妇女去工作，而与此同时，让年轻的未婚女儿去孟加拉国繁荣的出口导向型服装部门工作已成为普遍接受的做法，因为她们不会对当局提出同样的挑战。
As urbanization changes the face of poverty in Bangladesh, endemic insecurities within the urban environment force low-income households to deploy new strategies of labour mobilization that challenge traditional patriarchal ideologies, and in the process, gender dynamics. The research reveals the complex balance male household heads face in meeting economic and social priorities. While the majority of households depend on female labour mobilization as a short-term means of survival, this comes at the cost of displacing longer-term goals of household advancement, given that status, prestige and social networks are dependent on the ability to uphold patriarchal norms that forbid women from working. While most men hold on to patriarchal beliefs - viewing the mobilization of female labour as a "necessary evil" that dampens household honour and prestige and threatens masculinity - women are aware of the importance of their work and the centrality of their contributions to income. These opposing perspectives generate tensions within the household, leaving women to face a complex balance between managing the household, their jobs and the marital relationship. A wife's labour is often viewed as a threat to male dominance and authority and can lead to various negative behaviours by the household head, including reducing working hours and income contributions or taking a second wife. A paradox is visible, in which men are aware of these negative tendencies but do not associate them with their own marital problems, instead blaming wives for their "disobedience". This may be one reason for the persistence of patriarchal social norms that frown upon sending married women to work while, at the same time, it has become widely acceptable to send young, unmarried daughters, who do not offer the same challenge to authority, to work in Bangladesh's thriving export-oriented garments sector.