Demise of a harbor: a geochemical chronicle from Ephesus
Demise of a harbor: a geochemical chronicle from Ephesus
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港口的消亡：以弗所的地球化学编年史
DOI：
10.1016/j.jas.2014.10.002
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发表时间：
2015
影响因子：
2.8
通讯作者：
F. Albarède
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Hugo Delile;J. Blichert‐Toft;J. Goiran;Friederike Stock;F. Arnaud;J. Bravard;H. Brückner;F. Albarède
在公元前世纪末，以弗所成为小亚细亚的罗马首都，也是该地区最重要的商业、宗教和文化中心。为了评估在以弗所港的人为通量的状态，12米长的沉积物芯钻在罗马盆地进行了调查，揭示了古环境演变的港口粒度分布分析，14 C年龄，主要和微量元素地球化学，铅同位素组成。借助补充沉积学数据和主成分分析，确定了五个不同的单元，它们共同反映了港口水历史的不同阶段。影响港口的主要破坏性事件包括地震和军事事件，这两种事件对供水系统的破坏尤为严重。凯斯特河（Küçük Menderes）的季节性洪水是泥沙逐渐填满港口的主要来源。河口向西迁移，进一步加剧了淤积。位于550厘米核心深度的单一重大破坏性事件，预示着港口缺氧的发展，标志着整个罗马帝国时期控制港口水的动态政权的结束。这一引人注目的事件可能对应于渡槽系统的重大中断或凯斯特河床的残酷撕裂。它显然代表了在以弗所生活的历史上的一个重大干扰。它的年代很不确定，但可能发生在奥古斯都统治时期或之后不久。铅同位素和微量金属的证据表明，在四个底部单元的污染相对于其他铅金属输入，大概是那些从渡槽和天然岩溶泉被制服。在靠近顶部的核心，这与港口废弃和最近的时期，人为铅污染是清晰可见的铅丰度和同位素组成。
At the end of the first century BC, Ephesus became the Roman capital of Asia Minor and the most important commercial, religious, and cultural center of the region. In order to evaluate the status of anthropogenic fluxes in the port of Ephesus, a 12 m long sediment core drilled in the Roman basin was investigated to shed light on the paleo-environmental evolution of the harbor using grain size distribution analysis,14C ages, major and trace element geochemistry, and Pb isotope compositions. With the help of complementary sedimentological data and Principal Component Analysis, five distinct units were identified which, together, reflect the different stages of water history in the harbor. Among the major disruptive events affecting the port were earthquakes and military events, both of which were particularly effective at destroying the water distribution system.Seasonal floods of the Cayster River (Küçük Menderes) were the major source of the silt that progressively infilled the harbor. Silting in was further enhanced by the westward migration of the river mouth. A single major disruptive event located at 550 cm core depth and heralding the development of anoxia in the harbor marks the end of the dynamic regime that otherwise controlled the harbor water throughout the Roman Empire period. This remarkable event may correspond to a major disruption of the aqueduct system or to a brutal avulsion of the Cayster River bed. It clearly represents a major disturbance in the history of life at Ephesus. It is poorly dated, but probably occurred during the reign of Augustus or shortly after. Lead isotope and trace metal evidence suggest that in the four bottom units pollution was subdued with respect to other Pb metal inputs, presumably those from aqueducts and natural karstic springs. Near the top of the core, which coincides with harbor abandonment and the more recent period, anthropogenic Pb contamination is clearly visible in both Pb abundances and isotopic compositions.