Evolution in Lateral Flow–Based Immunoassay Systems
Evolution in Lateral Flow–Based Immunoassay Systems
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DOI：
10.1007/978-1-59745-240-3_1
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发表时间：
2008-10-31
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影响因子：
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通讯作者：
O’Farrell B
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作者：
O’Farrell B
快速免疫层析试纸的发展，也被称为横向流动免疫分析(LFIA)，是可以追溯到20世纪50年代的几条线索汇聚的结果。然而，基于体液的快速诊断测试的概念可以追溯到更早的时候。基于唾液和尿液的诊断证据在几千年前就存在了。古代中国人是最早有记录的唾液诊断使用者之一。一种广泛使用的做法是使用唾液作为犯罪的快速判定因素。在“大米测试”中，无法产生足够的唾液吞下一把大米被认为是定罪的充分证据。通过这种方式，产生了一个快速的结果，但通常对受试者的预后很差。最早的基于尿液的怀孕诊断测试的书面记录之一可以在古埃及文件中找到。在那里，描述了一项测试，潜在的孕妇可以在几天的时间里在小麦和大麦种子上小便。结果是：“如果大麦长成，就意味着生下了一个男孩。如果小麦长出来，就意味着是个女婴。如果两个孩子都不成长，她就根本不会生育。人们对尿液作为各种疾病的快速诊断媒介的兴趣一直延续到中世纪，欧洲出现了所谓的灵媒预言家，他们声称能够从尿液的颜色中区分出许多不同的疾病。与当时的许多医学概念一起，成功通常是不同的。尽管千百年来尽了最大努力，但直到二十世纪中叶，大多数快速诊断方法才获得真正的预测价值。
The development of the rapid, immunochromatographic test strip, also known as lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA), is the result of convergence of several threads that can be traced back to the 1950s. However, the concept of rapid diagnostic tests based on body fluids dated back significantly further. Documented evidence of saliva-and urine-based diagnostics existed several thousand years ago. The ancient Chinese were among the first documented users of saliva-based diagnostics. One widely used practice involved the use of saliva as a rapid determinant of guilt. In the ‘‘Rice Test’’, the inability to generate enough saliva to swallow a handful of rice was considered sufficient evidence for conviction. In this way, a rapid result was generated, but often with a poor prognosis for the subject. One of the earliest written records of a urine-based diagnostic test for pregnancy can be found in ancient Egyptian documents. There, a test was described whereby a potentially pregnant woman could urinate on wheat and barley seeds over the course of several days. The results:‘‘If Barley grows, it means a male child. If wheat grows, it means a female child. If both do not grow, she will not bear at all’’[1]. The interest in urine as a rapid diagnostic medium for a variety of ailments continued through the Middle Ages, with the advent of the so-called pissprophets in Europe, who claimed to be able to differentiate many different conditions from the color of urine. Along with many medical concepts of the time, success typically varied. Despite best efforts through the ages, it was not until the mid-twentieth century that the majority of rapid diagnostic methods gained real predictive value.