THE PREPARATION OF RANEY NICKEL CATALYSTS AND THEIR USE UNDER CONDITIONS COMPARABLE WITH THOSE FOR PLATINUM AND PALLADIUM CATALYSTS
THE PREPARATION OF RANEY NICKEL CATALYSTS AND THEIR USE UNDER CONDITIONS COMPARABLE WITH THOSE FOR PLATINUM AND PALLADIUM CATALYSTS
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DOI：
10.1021/ja01182a080
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发表时间：
1948-01-01
影响因子：
15
通讯作者：
BILLICA, HR
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
ADKINS, H;BILLICA, HR
如果要在室温下在玻璃装置中进行氢化，该实验室和许多其他实验室的惯例是使用铂或钯催化剂。然而，由雷尼镍铝合金制备催化剂的方法的改进现在使得可以得到一种催化剂，其对于在45p压力下的氢化催化作用似乎与铂或钯大致相同。 s。我。或更低。这并不意味着这三种金属中的任何一种缺乏使其独特有用的特性。例如，钯对苯环和腈的惰性及其对醛的相对惰性使得该催化剂在某些选择性氢化中特别有用。铂和镍的活性更相似，因为在合适的条件下，两者都能有效对抗几乎所有类型的碳碳双键、醛、酮、腈、硝基化合物和肟。在某些情况下，它们中的每一个都比另一个更受青睐。雷尼镍催化剂在温和条件下的活性已得到认可一段时间了。在我们的第一篇出版物 2 中，通过苯乙烯、丙酮、异丙苯丙酮和乙酰乙酸酯等化合物获得的结果说明了其在低压和室温下的有效性。 GB L. Smith 和他的同事 3 报告了雷尼镍在有或没有铂促进剂的情况下的有效性，特别是对于硝基化合物的氢化作用。然而，除了烯烃键的氢化之外，可用的雷尼镍催化剂在室温下似乎并不是特别有用。目前已知的最活跃的镍催化剂，我们称之为“W-6雷尼镍”4，它是通过本文后面给出的程序制成的。早期程序的修改包括在较低温度下快速从雷尼合金中去除铝，并在氢气压力下清洗催化剂。在清洗过程中使用加压氢气可能是有利的，因为它可以保护催化剂不与空气接触，并损失掉吸附在催化剂上的相当大量的氢气。表中总结了W-6雷尼镍催化剂应用于多种有机化合物加氢的结果。
It has been the practice in this and many other laboratories to use a platinum or palladium cata-lyst if a hydrogenation was to be carried out in glass apparatus at room temperatures. However, improvements in the procedure for the preparation of a catalyst from the Raney nickel-aluminum alloy now makes available a catalyst which appears to be approximately as effective as platinum or palladium for catalysis of hydrogenation at pressures of 45 p. s. i. or lower. It is not implied that any of the three metals is lacking in charac-teristics which make it uniquely useful. For ex-ample, the inactivity of palladium against benze-noid nuclei and nitriles and its relative inactivity toward aldehydes make this catalyst particularly useful in certain selective hydrogenations. Plati-num and nickel are more alike in activity in that both, under suitable conditions, are effective against almost all types of carbon-to-carbon double bonds, aldehydes, ketones, nitriles, nitro compounds and oximes. Each of them is pre-ferred to the other for certain situations. The activity of Raney nickel catalysts under mild conditions has been recognized for some time. In our first publication, 2 its effectiveness at low pressure and room temperature was illustrated with results obtained with styrene, acetone, mesi-tyl oxide and acetoacetic ester among other com-pounds. GB L. Smith andhis associates3 have'reported on the effectiveness of Raney nickel with and without a platinum promoter particularly for the hydrogenation of nitro com-pounds. However, it seemed that the Raney nickel catalysts available were not particularly useful at room temperature, except in the hydrogenation of alkene linkages. The most active nickel catalyst now known, to us is one to which we refer as “W-6 Raney nickel,’’4 It is made by a procedure given later in this paper. The modifications of earlier procedures consist in rapidly carrying out the removal of aluminum from the Raney alloy at a lower temperature and in washing the catalyst under pressure of hydro-gen. The use of hydrogen under pressure in the washing process may be advantageous in that it protects the catalyst from contact with air and the loss of the rather large quantity of hydrogen which is adsorbed on the catalyst. There is summarized in the table the results of applying the W-6 Raney nickel catalyst to the hydrogenation of a variety of organic compounds.